Computational Mechanobiology in Cartilage and Bone Tissue Engineering: From Cell Phenotype to Tissue Structure

Cartilage Repair and Subchondral Bone Migration Using 3D Printing Osteochondral Composites: A One-Year-Period Study in Rabbit Trochlea

“…It is well known that mechanical force plays significant role in MSC differentiation and mechanoregulation of skeletogenesis [55, 56]. Under the mechanical environment of knee joint, the subchondral bone is induced to migrate from surrounding bone part into the defect center (as illustrated in Figures 4, 5, 6, and 7, as evidenced by the cartilage tissue underlying the migrated subchondral bone), which in turn becomes maturation gradually.…”

“…The potential mechanism might proceed as follows: with the assessment of bone marrow, the osteochondral defect is spontaneously filled with a blood clot, forming an intermediate tissue with fibrin as scaffold and multiple mesenchymal cells, which might differentiate under the influence of growth factors of (released from platelet) into chondrocytes and osteoblasts that later form the cartilaginous repair tissue and the new subchondral bone [ 5 ]. It is well known that mechanical force plays significant role in MSC differentiation and mechanoregulation of skeletogenesis [ 55 , 56 ]. Under the mechanical environment of knee joint, the subchondral bone is induced to migrate from surrounding bone part into the defect center (as illustrated in Figures 4 , 5 , 6 , and 7 , as evidenced by the cartilage tissue underlying the migrated subchondral bone), which in turn becomes maturation gradually.…”

In Vivo, In Vitro, In Silico: Computational Tools for Product and Process Design in Tissue Engineering

“…In the field of bone regeneration Geris et al [50] have reviewed the existing models of fracture healing, dividing these models into bioregulatory (fracture healing guided by biological stimuli), mechanoregulatory (fracture healing guided by mechanical stimuli) and mechanobioregulatory models (fracture healing guided by mechanical and biological stimuli). Nagel and Kelly [51] adapted a well-known mechanoregulatory model to explicitly account for the influence of oxygen tension on tissue differentiation. They furthermore discuss the effects of incorporating the tissue architecture during skeletal regeneration as well as the variability of the process.…”