Computer ranking of the sequence of appearance of 73 features of the brain and related structures in staged human embryos during the sixth week of development

OʼRahilly, Ronan; Müller, Fabiola; Gm, Hutchins; Gw, Moore

doi:10.1002/aja.1001800106

Cited by 59 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…No apparent abnormalities that could influence the development of the CNS were noticed, either through ultrasound diagnostics before abortions, or at the time the specimens were received. The age of embryos and fetuses was estimated on the basis of weeks after ovulation (based on the date of the last menstrual period), crown-rump length (CRL, Olivier and Pineau, 1962) and anatomic landmarks (O'Rahilly et al, 1987;Mü ller and O'Rahilly, 1990).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early development and composition of the human primordial plexiform layer: An immunohistochemical study

et al. 1999

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The early expression of reelin, calcium‐binding proteins (calretinin, calbindin, and parvalbumin), and neurofilament proteins have been explored in the developing central nervous system of human embryos and fetuses during the first trimester of gestation. Our objective has been to determine further the nature, developmental roles, and contributions of the early neurons and fibers of the original subpial neuropil, i.e., the primordial plexiform layer (PPL). In young embryos (4–5 weeks old), neurofilament protein–labeled fibers run through the subpial neuropil of the caudal portion of the neural tube, reaching the mesencephalon rostrally. At this age, calretinin‐immunoreactive and calbindin‐immunoreactive neurons are also found among cells already detached from the ventricular zone. The expression of neurofilament protein, calretinin, and calbindin follows an ascending caudorostral gradient, reaching the cerebral vesicles by the 6th–7th week of gestation. In the cerebral cortex, this timing coincides with the initial expression of reelin in the PPL. The reelin immunoreactivity throughout the most superficial cellular population of the cortical PPL supports the early genesis of Cajal‐Retzius cells, around the 6th week of gestation. After the splitting of the PPL by the formation of the cortical plate (7–8 weeks of gestation), reelin‐immunoreactive cells remain only in the newly established layer I. This study proposes that an initial PPL may be a universal feature of the developing central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 412:241–254, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early development and composition of the human primordial plexiform layer: An immunohistochemical study

et al. 1999

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“…Informed consent was obtained from the patient in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and tissue collection and use were performed according to the guidelines and with the approval of the French National Ethic Committee. Developmental age was estimated based on several anatomic criteria according to the Carnegie classification for embryonic stages, 26 and by ultrasonic measurements for fetal stages. Supplemental Table 1 (available on the Blood Web site; see the Supplemental Materials link at the top of the online article) summarizes the stages of the 77 embryonic and fetal livers used in this study and the type of experiments performed for each stage.…”

Section: Human Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

VE-cadherin expression allows identification of a new class of hematopoietic stem cells within human embryonic liver

Oberlin

Fleury

Clay

et al. 2010

Blood

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Edification of the human hematopoietic system during development is characterized by the production of waves of hematopoietic cells separated in time, formed in distinct embryonic sites (ie, yolk sac, truncal arteries including the aorta, and placenta). The embryonic liver is a major hematopoietic organ wherein hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) expand, and the future, adult-type, hematopoietic cell hierarchy becomes established. We report herein the identification of a new, transient, and rare cell population in the human embryonic liver, which coexpresses VE-cadherin, an endothelial marker, CD45, a pan-hematopoietic marker, and CD34, a common endothelial and hematopoietic marker. This population displays an outstanding selfrenewal, proliferation, and differentiation potential, as detected by in vitro and in vivo hematopoietic assays compared with its VE-cadherin negative counterpart. Based on VE-cadherin expression, our data demonstrate the existence of 2 phenotypically and functionally separable populations of multipotent HSCs in the human embryo, the VEcadherin ؉ one being more primitive than the VE-cadherin ؊ one, and shed a new light on the hierarchical organization of the embryonic liver HSC compartment.

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“…The time between the abortion and the fixation of the collected tissue was 15 min on average. The ages of the embryos and fetuses were estimated on the basis of weeks after ovulation, crown-rump length (Olivier and Pineau, 1962), and anatomical landmarks (O'Rahilly et al, 1987).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olig Transcription Factors Are Expressed in Oligodendrocyte and Neuronal Cells in Human Fetal CNS

Jakovčevski¹,

Zečević²

2005

J. Neurosci.

119

101

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The transcription factors Olig1 and Olig2 are closely associated with the development of oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage in the vertebrate nervous system, but little is known about their role in the human developing CNS. To test the hypothesis that they contribute to initial OL specification in humans, we studied the expression of Olig1 and Olig2 in human fetuses at 5-24 gestational weeks (GW). Both transcription factors were present in well outlined regions of the ventral neuroepithelium at 5 GW, several weeks before oligodendrogenesis. Spatial differences in the expression of Olig1 and Olig2 along the neuronal axis suggest that they specify different subpopulations of progenitor cells. Olig1 was distributed rostrally, from the basal forebrain to the hindbrain, whereas Olig2 was also found in the ventral spinal cord. Furthermore, at 5 GW, Olig1 was coexpressed with vimentin, and Olig2 was coexpressed with a neuronal marker, microtubule-associated protein 2. With the progression of development at 15 GW, both proteins were present throughout the spinal cord and the ventricular-subventricular zone of the ganglionic eminences, whereas at midgestation (20 GW), they were also expressed in the telencephalic proliferative zones and the emerging white matter. Double-labeling studies revealed that early OL progenitor cells and radial glia expressed Olig1, whereas Olig2 was localized predominantly in mature OLs and a subset of neural progenitor cells and mature neurons. Thus, Olig1 and Olig2 transcription factors in the human CNS are important not only for differentiation of the OL lineage, but they may also have a role in neural cell specification.

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Computer ranking of the sequence of appearance of 73 features of the brain and related structures in staged human embryos during the sixth week of development

Cited by 59 publications

References 61 publications

Early development and composition of the human primordial plexiform layer: An immunohistochemical study

Early development and composition of the human primordial plexiform layer: An immunohistochemical study

VE-cadherin expression allows identification of a new class of hematopoietic stem cells within human embryonic liver

Olig Transcription Factors Are Expressed in Oligodendrocyte and Neuronal Cells in Human Fetal CNS

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