Concentration, Source, and Total Health Risks of Cadmium in Multiple Media in Densely Populated Areas, China

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential and harmful element to humans. Cadmium contamination is a serious issue for human health, especially in densely populated agroecology areas. In this study, the investigation of an agroecology area was conducted to gain insight into the relationship between Cd in wheat and soil and then evaluate the Cd total risk for human health. The soil samples and their matching wheat samples, underground water samples, and atmospheric deposition (air) samples were collected from a wheat-growing area in an agroecology plain. The cadmium concentration in the four types of media, in order, was air > soil > wheat > water. The mean concentration of the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) showed that the total Cd in soil (Cd-T) and Cdair reached a mild and moderate pollution level. The results of the correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the majority of Cdwheat originated from Cd-2 (exchangeable), Cd-4 (humic acid-bound), and Cd-7 (residual). Furthermore, the results of the stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) showed that three fractions were primarily controlled by Cd-T: clay, cation exchange capacity (CeC), and total organic carbon (TOC). In addition, the total cancer risk (CR) of Cd in multiple media was, in the order wheat > water > soil > air. It is noteworthy that the Cd content in underground water and wheat by the ingestion pathway posed cancer risks to the local residents and provided a comprehensive insight into multiple media environment management. Furthermore, it provides a very significant basic study for detailed research into the mobility and transformation for factions.

Pollution and Health Risk Assessment of Carcinogenic Elements As, Cd, and Cr in Multiple Media—A Case of a Sustainable Farming Area in China

“…The logarithmic standard deviation (λ) was used for the calculated measurement of GBW07404, while the GBW07406 standard substance was calculated to measure the precision of the sample analysis. The logarithmic standard deviation maximum value was 0.125, and the average value was 0.049, which is less than the standard specification for Cai et al [36]. The precision acceptance rate was 100%.…”

“…where f is the deposition fluxes from Cr, Cd, and As for one year (g/hm 2 •yr); C X is the concentration of Cd, Cr, and As in the deposition (mg/kg); m is the total collected mass at each sampling site for one year (g/yr); p is the collector perimeter (29.5 cm), and π is 3.14 [36].…”

Facile synthesis and application of cellulosic coagulant from banana peels in cadmium‐spiked water

“…One of the toxic metals that pose major public health to society through water contamination is cadmium, especially in South Africa. High levels of the cadmium have been found in South African soil and water by some researchers, and this is due to the excessive use of fertiliser contaminated with this trace element [1, 2]. The result also confirms the higher concentration of Cd beyond the allowable limit, therefore total health risk for human and animals was evaluated and it was found to be highly disastrous.…”

Genetic Carriers and Genomic Distribution of cadA6—A Novel Variant of a Cadmium Resistance Determinant Identified in Listeria spp.

“…in the absence of strong cadmium selection pressure. The estimated worldwide mean cadmium concentration in soils is 0.36 µg/g [ 31 ], but local concentrations vary depending on the regions, soil acidity, and local pollution levels [ 32 , 33 , 34 ]. Even low concentrations of metals can induce transcription of resistance genes and potentially exert selective pressure if they result in impaired bacterial growth [ 30 ].…”