Concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances in human milk from Ireland: Implications for adult and nursing infant exposure

Abstract

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Confirmatory Analysis of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Milk and Infant Formula Using UHPLC–MS/MS

“…The obtained LOQs for the target analytes varied from 5–50 ng kg −1 ( Table 1 ). Generally, these limits of quantitation are considered acceptable and mostly better than LOQs reported in the literature for similar matrices [ 10 , 11 , 20 , 21 , 26 , 35 ], considering that we practically demonstrated the LoQ values reported in this study, unlike the theoretical LOQ values mostly reported in literature. This displays the possibility of the application of the method to low-level regulatory detection of PFAS in milk and infant formulas [ 13 ].…”

“…Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) is the technique of choice for the analysis of PFAS, as it offers the advantages of high selectivity and provides (pseudo) molecular ion and sufficient product ions utilized for the unambiguous confirmation of individual PFAS, and offers the great sensitivity needed for low-level detection of PFAS [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 19 ]. Dairy milk is a complex matrix for the analysis of persistent organic pollutants such as PFAS, owing to its composition of proteins, sugars and lipids [ 20 , 21 ]. Since PFAS accumulate in both protein and fat [ 15 ], careful sample preparation techniques need to be employed for accurate identification and quantitation.…”

Determination of organically bound fluorine sum parameters in river water samples—comparison of combustion ion chromatography (CIC) and high resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS)

“…Because of their extreme persistence, PFASs accumulate in the abiotic environment, e.g., ground [ 8 ] and surface water [ 9 ], soil [ 10 ], and air [ 11 ], as well as in the biotic environment [ 12 , 13 ]. Overall, there are large amounts of human exposure pathways so that PFASs can be detected in human serum [ 14 , 15 ] as well as in human breast milk [ 16 ]. The concerning notice that PFASs can be found ubiquitously, even in the arctic environment [ 17 ], and that there are potential negative effects on the environment and human health [ 18 ] lead to first limitations.…”

Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human milk from Ireland: temporal trends and implications for nursing infant exposure

“…Samples analysed in this study were collected between October 2016 and April 2018 as part of an Irish EPA funded research project (ELEVATE, reference 2016-HW-MS-8). The samples have previously been analysed for concentrations of brominated flame retardants [16] and Perfluoroalkyl substances [17] . The study population, approach to recruitment, sampling, and sample pooling are reported in detail in Wemken et al [16] , 2020.…”

“…The samples have previously been analysed for concentrations of brominated flame retardants [16] and Perfluoroalkyl substances [17] . The study population, approach to recruitment, sampling, and sample pooling are reported in detail in Wemken et al [16] , 2020. In brief, study recruitment and sampling protocols, adhered (with minor deviations) to WHO UNEP guidelines for developing a national protocol for measurement of POPs in human milk [13] and the study protocols of Pratt et al [15] , 2012.…”