Conceptual issues in behavioral teratology and their application in determining long‐term sequelae of prenatal marihuana exposure

Fried, Peter A.

doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00005

Cited by 90 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 132 publications

(197 reference statements)

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“…The abuse of Cannabis and Mandrax is unique to South Africa, and the focus of research has been on the socio-economic impact rather than the adverse and possibly long-term effects on the developing brain of adolescence and the unborn (Fried, 2002). Drugs of abuse generally impact negatively on brain function and development and thus Mandrax and Cannabis toxicity was evaluated using a cell culture system of neurons that are embryonic in origin namely chick embryonic neurons (CEN).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Mandrax and Cannabis on the cellular function of chick embryonic neurons

Silva

Bester

Pretorius

2007

Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Mandrax and Cannabis on the cellular function of chick embryonic neurons

Silva

Bester

Pretorius

2007

Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology

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“…Contributing to this paucity are a myriad of complex pragmatic, logistic and interpretative difficulties that are part and parcel of the longitudinal behavioral teratological research that is required to examine this question. These design issues have been the subject of a recent review (Fried 2002) and will not be reiterated in the present paper. In spite of the difficulties involved in the gathering of information, the indisputable fact that marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug among women of reproductive age (Johnston et al 1994; emphasizes the need for the gathering and dissemination of data from well controlled studies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 92%

The Consequences of Marijuana Use During Pregnancy: A Review of the Human Literature

Fried

2002

Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics

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SUMMARY.In spite of marijuana being the most widely used illegal drug among women of reproductive age there is a relative paucity of literature dealing with this topic. Of the data available, particularly in offspring beyond three years of age, most is generated by two ongoing cohort studies with very different populations. Both have reported similar findings. Up to approximately 3 years of age there appears to be very little impact upon the offspring. Beyond that age, in utero cannabis exposure does not impact upon standardized derived IQ scores but is negatively associated with attentional behavior and visual analysis/hypothesis testing. These findings are hypothesized as prenatal marijuana exposure having a negative influence on aspects of executive function-a "top-down," multifaceted cognitive construct involved in organizing and integrating specific cognitive and output processes over a interval of time. The results and their interpretation are examined in terms of behavioral teratogenic effects (or lack of effects) during the various developmental stages of the offspring, the non-unitary

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“…19 In humans, longitudinal studies have documented motor, social and cognitive disturbances in offspring who were exposed to cannabis prenatally. 20,21 Despite documented behavioral impairments, there is presently limited information about specific neurobiological consequences of prenatal cannabis exposure in humans. Recently, we observed altered amygdala dopamine D 2 receptor mRNA expression in human fetuses with prenatal cannabis exposure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrete opioid gene expression impairment in the human fetal brain associated with maternal marijuana use

et al. 2006

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Fetal development is a period sensitive to environmental influences such as maternal drug use. The most commonly used illicit drug by pregnant women is marijuana. The present study investigated the effects of in utero marijuana exposure on expression levels of opioid-related genes in the human fetal forebrain in light of the strong interaction between the cannabinoid and opioid systems. The study group consisted of 42 midgestation fetuses from saline-induced voluntary abortions. The opioid peptide precursors (preprodynorphin and preproenkephalin (PENK)) and receptor (mu, kappa and delta) mRNA expression were assessed in distinct brain regions. The effect of prenatal cannabis exposure was analyzed by multiple regression controlling for confounding variables (maternal alcohol and cigarette use, fetal age, sex, growth measure and post-mortem interval). Prenatal cannabis exposure was significantly associated with increased mu receptor expression in the amygdala, reduced kappa receptor mRNA in mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and reduced preproenkephalin expression in the caudal putamen. Prenatal alcohol exposure primarily influenced the kappa receptor mRNA with reduced levels in the amygdala, claustrum, putamen and insula cortex. No significant effect of prenatal nicotine exposure could be discerned in the present study group. These results indicate that maternal cannabis and alcohol exposure during pregnancy differentially impair opioid-related genes in distinct brain circuits that may have long-term effects on cognitive and emotional behaviors.

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Conceptual issues in behavioral teratology and their application in determining long‐term sequelae of prenatal marihuana exposure

Cited by 90 publications

References 132 publications

Effects of Mandrax and Cannabis on the cellular function of chick embryonic neurons

Effects of Mandrax and Cannabis on the cellular function of chick embryonic neurons

The Consequences of Marijuana Use During Pregnancy: A Review of the Human Literature

Discrete opioid gene expression impairment in the human fetal brain associated with maternal marijuana use

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