Conceptual Model for Smart Cities: Irrigation and Highway Lamps using IoT

Abstract

-Keeping in mind the need to preserve energy as well as utilize the available at its best the need was felt to develop a module that would be able to sort out the problem where resources such as water and electricity were wasted, in urban as well as rural area. Resource (electricity) was wasted as beside the point operation of Highway & High Mast Lamp; while wastage of water followed by improper trends and methodologies imparted for watering of city park, road side plantation and highway plantation. Thus as per Energy survey statistics of a City (Lucknow, India) it was found that major portion of resources (water and electricity) were being wasted due to negligent activities of officials who were in charge of resource management. So to facilitate energy saving trends and to completely modernize it to autonomous system, module below is proposed which incorporates modern technological peripheral and has its base ingrained in IoT (Internet of Things) which when put into consideration would result in large scale resource and energy saving.This developed module incorporates the peripherals such as Arduino, Texas Instruments ultra low power kits etc. in accordance with software technology including Lab View which help to monitor as well as control the various operation from the base station, located far away from the site. Lab View Interface interacts with all the module located at various city parks, subways and highway lighting modules. Later below in several section a detailed pattern and application frame has been put up.

IoT-Based Smart Irrigation Systems: An Overview on the Recent Trends on Sensors and IoT Systems for Irrigation in Precision Agriculture

“…Those 83 include different levels of detail, there are 49 papers that only indicate that there are motor/pumps in their system (40 paper) or valves (nine papers) without more detail. From those papers which offer more details, 19 of them include sprinklers (the most used system) [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46], eight use drip irrigation [4,[47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54], two propose the utilization of sprayers [4,55], and the rest use a very specific irrigation systems (robots [56], pivot [14], rain gun [57] or it can be applied to multiple systems [58]). In conjunction with the principal irrigation system, three papers propose the use of a fogging system [41,43,51] and two papers propose the use of fertigation in their systems [42,52].…”

“…There are three cases of hydroponic crops [33,68,69], one case of mushroom cultivation [41] and one paper on flower farming [71]. Finally, there are five papers focused on gardening [36,53,55,67,76], one of them specifically about green walls [76]. their system (40 paper) or valves (nine papers) without more detail.…”

“…In this case, we will consider for the commentaries not only the data of the graphic (proposals with irrigation system) but also the information of the paper which measures the water quality, having or not the actuators for the irrigation system. The water level in the tanks is measured in 17 [32,36,51,57,58,61,62,64,69,[85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92] out of 88 papers that have a pumping system. There are different methods to monitor the water level in the tanks and the most used is the one based on ultrasound [32,69,89], the resistive methodology is used in one case [36], the rest of cases do not offer information of how the data is measured.…”

“…In second position, we found the use of artificial light systems. They are used in six cases [36,38,50,71,72,75]. The use of artificial light is mainly related to the generation of artificial photo-periods to increase productivity, but they can also be used for operational purposes.…”

Game-Theoretic Learning for Sensor Reliability Evaluation Without Knowledge of the Ground Truth

“…Data fusion from noisy sensors [l], [2], [3], [4] has been an active research topic specially with the emergence of the concept of Internet of Things [5] (IoT).…”