Concordance with the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research recommendations for cancer prevention and colorectal cancer risk in Morocco: A large, population‐based case–control study

Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate associations between adherence to the recommendations on cancer prevention from the WCRF/AICR and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk in Morocco. Incident CRC cases (n = 1,516) and controls (n = 1,516) matched on age, sex and center, were recruited between September 2009 and February 2017 at five major hospitals located in Morocco. In‐person interviews were conducted to assess habitual diet using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire, physical activity and anthropometric measurements. Adherence to the WCRF/AIRC Recommendations was ranged from 0 (no adherence) to 6 (maximal adherence) and incorporating six WCRF/AICR components (food groups, physical activity and BMI). Multivariable odd ratios (ORA) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using conditional multivariate logistic regression models, with low adherence as referent, adjusting for potential confounding factors. Compared to those with the lowest adherence score, individuals in the highest WCRF/AICR score category had a statistically significant reduced risk for colon cancer (ORA = 0.63, 95% CI 0.53–0.76); rectal cancer (ORA = 0.52, 95% CI 0.43–0.63) and CRC overall (ORA = 0.58, 95% CI 0.51–0.66). For individual score components, when comparing the lowest with the highest adherence category, CRC risk was significantly lower in the highest adherence category for body fatness (ORA = 0.73; 95% CI 0.62–0.85), physical activity (ORA = 0.70; 95% CI 0.60–0.82), plant foods (ORA = 0.50; 95% CI 0.39–0.63) and red/processed meat (ORA = 0.81; 95% CI 0.71–0.92). Our analysis indicated that greater adherence to the WCRF/AICR recommendations for cancer prevention may lower CRC risk in Morocco.

Association between the 2018 WCRF/AICR and the Low-Risk Lifestyle Scores with Colorectal Cancer Risk in the Predimed Study

“…In agreement with the results obtained, El Kinany and coworkers [16] found that greater adherence to the 2018 WCRF/AICR score decreased overall CRC risk by 42% after comparing 1516 cases with 1516 controls in Morocco. Similarly, a 24-year-follow-up cohort study [13], with 68,977 women from the Nurses' Health Study and 45,442 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, found a statistically significant inverse association between adherence to the updated WCRF/AICR score and the incidence of CRC risk in men.…”

“…Some prospective cohort studies [6,[8][9][10][11][12][13] and case-control studies [14][15][16] have evaluated the associations between CRC risk and adherence to cancer-specific nutritional recommendations with inconsistent results. However, limited longitudinal studies [13,16] have been conducted to assess associations based on the updated 2018 WCRF/AICR recommendations.…”

Adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research Recommendations and the Risk of Breast Cancer

“…Only a few reports investigated the association between the 2018 release of the WCRF/AICR recommendations and cancer risk [42,[46][47][48]. The present study is the first evaluating the updated recommendations in the prevention of invasive breast cancer.…”

Consumption of meat, traditional and modern processed meat and colorectal cancer risk among the Moroccan population: A large‐scale case–control study

“…Therefore, to prevent (or minimize) the inclusion of false controls, all controls were systematically asked questions about their medical history and clinical symptoms related to CRC. A detailed description of the methodology and the study design has previously been published . In summary, 2,906 matched cases–controls pairs aged 18 years or above and matched by age, sex and center were recruited from 2009 to 2017 at the largest five university hospitals located in Rabat, Casablanca, Oujda, Marrakech and Fez.…”

“…A detailed description of the methodology and the study design has previously been published. 15,16 In summary, 2,906 matched cases-controls pairs aged 18 years or above and matched by age, sex and center were recruited from 2009 to 2017 at the largest five university hospitals located in Rabat, Casablanca, Oujda, Marrakech and Fez. The informed consent was obtained prior to participation in the study.…”