Concrete mix rationalization through sustainable ingredient using coconut shell ash

Abstract

Due to urbanization, demand for concrete has been increasing up to 10 million cubic meter per year. Therefore, there is an urgent need to reduce the requirement for ingredients such as cement, sand, and aggregate. Cement serves as a binding material in concrete, which is being used in the construction industry since ancient times [1,2]. The admixtures are added in order to reduce the demand and supply gaps for cement, and the most common admixture is coal ash (CA) obtained from thermal power stations.