Concussions in NCAA Varsity Football Athletes: A Qualitative Investigation of Player Perception and Return to Sport

Tjong, Vehniah K.; Baker, Hayden P.; Cogan, Charles J.; Montoya, Melissa; Lindley, Tory; Terry, Michael A.

doi:10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-17-00070

Cited by 14 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Like basketball, American football has been greatly discussed as a cause of injury, and many recommendations have been published attempting to prevent injuries occurring as a result of the sport. 14,[18][19][20]33 A surprising figure is the relatively large percentage of mandibular fractures resulting from American football. Typically, in organized leagues, full-contact or "tackle" football is played with protective equipment that includes helmets with face shields.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is estimated that as many as 30 million Americans aged 18 to 24 years participate in a sport of some kind in a single year, compared with the estimated 460 000 studentathletes who participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), one of the most studied athletic populations in this age group. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] The aim of our study was to identify and characterize the types and causes of facial fractures in the young adult American population in order to better inform decision making in prevention guidelines, treatment, and legislation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Facial Fractures in Young Adults: A National Retrospective Study

Povolotskiy

Youssef

Kaye

et al. 2019

Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol

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Objectives: “Young adulthood” is a term used to define individuals falling within the 18- to 22-year-old age range. Injuries account for more than a third of emergency department visits in this population. A particular area of concern is accidents that lead to injuries of the facial bones because they can have long-term functional, aesthetic, and psychosocial impacts. As many as 30 million young adults participate in some sort of sport in the United States per year, and facial injuries from these activities are not uncommon and thus require further exploration. Methods: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was used to conduct a retrospective review to explore patterns of maxillofacial fractures in young adult patients between the ages of 18 and 22 years from 2004 through 2017. The data analyzed yielded information about patient demographics, diagnoses, and associated products. Results: A total of 3486 emergency department visits were included in the study. The most common facial fractures were nasal fractures (64.4%), mandible fractures (12.3%), and orbital fractures (6.1%). The most common causes of fractures were sports (55.48%), fixed structures (6.39%), and stairs or steps (5.60%). The top 3 sports associated with facial fractures were basketball (25.4%), baseball (11.6%), and football (10.4%). Conclusions: For young adult individuals, some sort of sporting activity is common outside of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. The overwhelming majority of facial fractures in this population were caused by sports, and the authors believe this issue warrants further exploration and discussion. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, an estimated 8.6 million sports- and recreation-related injuries occurred per year between 2011 and 2014. Despite ever growing research and guidelines into sports injury incidence and prevention, it is clear that sports are the cause of a large portion of maxillofacial fractures in the United States.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial Fractures in Young Adults: A National Retrospective Study

Povolotskiy

Youssef

Kaye

et al. 2019

Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This process can be long and there is an incentive to recover as quickly as possible ( 92 ). The result is an under-reporting of symptoms by athletes, to ensure a quicker return to play ( 93 ). Athletes and others involved in professional sports do not always consider the long-term implications that contact sports and repetitive head injury can have on their neuropsychiatric functioning in the future, and that is why we believe changes must be made.…”

Section: Current State and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Professional American Football Players: Where Are We Now?

et al. 2018

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Repetitive head trauma provides a favorable milieu for the onset of inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes. The result of long-lasting head trauma is chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a disease process well-recognized in boxers, military personnel, and more recently, in American football players. CTE is a chronic neurodegenerative disease with hallmarks of hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) aggregates and intercellular lesions of neurofibrillary tangles. The criteria for CTE diagnosis requires at least 1–2 focal perivascular lesions of p-tau in the cerebral cortex, at the depth of the sulci. These pathognomonic lesions aggregate within neurons and glial cells such as astrocytes, and cell processes within the vicinity of small blood vessels. CTE presents in a distinct topographical distribution pattern compared to other tauopathies such as AD and other age-related astrogliopathies. CTE also has an insidious onset, years after repetitive head trauma. The disease course of CTE is characterized by cognitive dysfunction, behavioral changes, and can progress to altered motor function with parkinsonian-like manifestations in later stages. This short review aims to summarize CTE in professional football, epidemiology, diagnosis based on neuroanatomical abnormalities, cognitive degeneration, and adverse mental health effects, as well as gaps in the literature and future directions in diagnostics, therapeutics, and preventive measures.

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“…Qualitative methods are especially well suited to investigate nuances in experience including psychological and interpersonal factors. Such qualitative approaches have elucidated important factors influencing return to sport in a variety of clinical scenarios [ 11 - 13 ]. Sports injuries requiring surgery are a significant concern for athletes and their health care providers, and as the impact of gender is increasingly recognized in medicine and society it is crucial to understand its impact specifically on the injured collegiate athlete.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Qualitative Assessment of Return to Sport in Collegiate Athletes: Does Gender Matter?

Fernandez

Terry

Tjong

2020

Cureus

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Introduction: Participation of female athletes in collegiate athletics continues to rise, but there remains a significant underrepresentation of this growth in the literature and lack of knowledge regarding the impact of gender on the college athlete experience. Our goal was to explore how collegiate female and male athletes perceive and approach return to sport after orthopaedic surgery. Methods: Semi-structured, open-ended interviews were conducted with collegiate varsity athletes from a single institution who underwent orthopaedic surgery following injury with at least two years follow-up. Athletes were asked about factors influencing recovery, rehabilitation, and their return to or retirement from sport. Codes, categories, and themes were derived within and across genders. Results: Fifteen athletes (six females and nine males) were interviewed individually. Athletes shared similar experiences following injury, citing similar motivations driving them back to sport. Athletes stressed the importance of the athlete role to their identity regardless of gender. Our analysis revealed two gender-related challenges: male athletes commonly felt weight change was a barrier to successful recovery and often led to self-consciousness; while females expressed frustrations in lack of empathy from those they turned to for support. Conclusion: Female and male athletes shared some common supporting and challenging factors in return to sport following orthopaedic surgery. The most important findings of the present study were the differentiated challenges male versus female athletes experienced. Female athletes found difficulty with interpersonal relationships and external support, while male athletes struggled internally with their own body image and changing self-concept. This qualitative study provides a nuanced look at the experience of varsity athletes returning to sport following surgery. An understanding of the gendered experiences of collegiate athletes is critical to ensure all athletes in this unique population are supported as they cope with injury and seek to return to sport.

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Concussions in NCAA Varsity Football Athletes: A Qualitative Investigation of Player Perception and Return to Sport

Cited by 14 publications

References 42 publications

Facial Fractures in Young Adults: A National Retrospective Study

Facial Fractures in Young Adults: A National Retrospective Study

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Professional American Football Players: Where Are We Now?

A Qualitative Assessment of Return to Sport in Collegiate Athletes: Does Gender Matter?

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