Conditioned medium from mesenchymal stem cells improves condylar resorption induced by mandibular distraction osteogenesis in a rat model

Abstract

Condylar resorption (CR) after surgical orthognathic treatment is defined as dysfunctional remodeling of the temporomandibular joint manifested by morphological changes with decreased condylar head volume that cause occlusal and esthetic changes. Although both conservative and surgical treatment strategies have been employed for the treatment of CR, effective procedures have not been established till date. In this study, the effects of MSC-CM on CR were investigated. Bone marrow-derived MSCs of rats (rMSCs) were cultured until 80% confluent, cultured in serum-free conditioned medium for 48 h; the collected medium was defined as MSC-CM. Osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, and angiogenesis-related gene expression in rMSCs cultured with MSC-CM was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. A rat CR model was used for animal studies, in which CR occurred after mandibular distraction osteogenesis for 10 days. MSC-CM was injected via the tail vein and quantitative and qualitative evaluations were performed by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and histology. MSC-CM enhanced osteogenesis-, chondrogenesis-, and angiogenesis-related gene expression in rMSCs. Micro-CT showed CR in control groups; however, it was observed to be improved in the MSC-CM group. Histologically, an enlarged cartilage layer was seen in the MSC-CM group, while cartilage layers had almost thinned or disappeared in control groups. These results indicate that MSC-CM improved CR.

Global Trends and Future Research Directions for Temporomandibular Disorders and Stem Cells

“…The most cited paper (67 citations in WoS-CC, 5,07%) was by Wu et al in 2014, entitled “The pilot study of fibrin with temporomandibular joint derived synovial stem cells in repairing TMJ disc perforation” [ 36 ], and published in the journal “BioMed research international” which deals with a pilot study for the use of scaffold fibrin/chitosan hybrids and mesenchymal stem cells, to evaluate the repair of the TMJ joint disc. Twelve articles received only one citation [ 11 , 18 , 28 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ]. Ten articles were not cited in Wos-CC [ 27 , 29 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ].…”

“…For example, even though the first article was published in 1992, only from 2008 onwards did the number of publications show regularity, with 2021 being the year with the highest number. In that year, in vivo studies were the majority (n = 8) and highlighted the ability to repair bone defects and TMJ tissue regeneration when treated with stem cells [ 39 , 41 , 42 , 53 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 ]. Such treatments were performed by injecting stem cells into the TMJ or using scaffolds enriched with them, thereby promoting guided tissue regeneration.…”

Autologous Stem Cells Transplants in the Treatment of Temporomandibular Joints Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials

“…Carboni et al added that the administration of fat-derived stem cells also improved the morphology of the articular structures that were imaged by magnetic resonance [ 55 ]. Computed tomography imaging studies have produced consistent results in an animal model, demonstrating an improvement in TMJ cartilage morphology of the mandibular head due to the administration of MSCs [ 79 , 80 ]. For comparison, in studies of the administration of MSCs to the knee joints, morphological changes in the cartilage were observed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [ 81 , 82 ].…”