“…Compared with mild stimulants used for better concentration and performance during trading, farming, socialization, and leisure activities, heavy use and/or concomitant abuse of substances (poly-drug use behavior, such as Catha edulis and a designer drug) due to stronger psychostimulatory desire is rapidly growing ( Ali, 2018 ). Except for Catha edulis , the natural structural basis of emerging designer drugs, synthetic cathinones, as a preferred constitution and/or replacement, became increasingly abused ( Anderson and Carrier, 2009 ; Risca et al, 2020 ). In face of such overwhelming social problems induced by a complex combination of original plant and structure-modified analogs, the research frontiers would be transferred to pharmacological and toxicological effects and abuse risks of synthetic cathinones such as methcathinone (MC), mephedrone (MEPH), 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC), 3-fluoromethcathinone (3-FMC), and methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) ( Carlsson et al, 2018 ; Risca et al, 2020 ), or polydrug abuse.…”