Conditioned reinforcement in rats established with self-administered nicotine and enhanced by noncontingent nicotine

Palmatier, Matthew I.; Liu, Xiu; Matteson, Gina L.; Donny, Eric C.; Caggiula, Anthony R.; Sved, Alan F.

doi:10.1007/s00213-007-0897-6

Cited by 59 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…It is important to note that reinforcement enhancement may be partially or fully responsible for the effect of MAO inhibition on infusions earned in Experiments 1-3. In Experiments 1-3, infusions were paired with an initially neutral stimulus (15-s cue light) (Palmatier et al, 2008), which over time likely becomes a conditioned reinforcer (Palmatier et al, 2007). After the stimulus is established as a reinforcer, low doses of nicotine in the presence of MAO inhibition may act to enhance the value of this reinforcer when these doses would be below the threshold for reinforcement enhancement without MAO inhibition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition on the Reinforcing Properties of Low-Dose Nicotine

Smith

Rupprecht

Cwalina

et al. 2016

Neuropsychopharmacol

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The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the authority to regulate cigarette smoke constituents, and a reduction in nicotine content might benefit public health by reducing the prevalence of smoking. Research suggests that cigarette smoke constituents that inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO) may increase the reinforcing value of low doses of nicotine. The aim of the present experiments was to further characterize the impact of MAO inhibition on the primary reinforcing and reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine in rats. In a series of experiments, rats responded for intravenous nicotine infusions or a moderately-reinforcing visual stimulus in daily 1-h sessions. Rats received pre-session injections of known MAO inhibitors. The results show that (1) tranylcypromine (TCP), a known MAO inhibitor, increases sensitivity to the primary reinforcing effects of nicotine, shifting the dose-response curve for nicotine to the left, (2) inhibition of MAO-A, but not MAO-B, increases low-dose nicotine self-administration, (3) partial MAO-A inhibition, to the degree observed in chronic cigarette smokers, also increases low-dose nicotine self-administration, and (4) TCP decreases the threshold nicotine dose required for reinforcement enhancement. The results of the present experiments suggest cigarette smoke constituents that inhibit MAO-A, in the range seen in chronic smokers, are likely to increase the primary reinforcing and reinforcement enhancing effects of low doses of nicotine. If the FDA reduces the nicotine content of cigarettes, then variability in constituents that inhibit MAO-A could impact smoking.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition on the Reinforcing Properties of Low-Dose Nicotine

Smith

Rupprecht

Cwalina

et al. 2016

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…Once established, the incentive amplifying effects of NIC can increase responding for these conditioned reinforcers (Palmatier et al, 2007b). The findings of Flynn and colleagues (1989) that the palatability of NIC-associated tastes may be enhanced by the pharmacological effects of NIC lend support to the hypothesis that both the primary reinforcing and incentive amplifying effects of NIC may contribute to taste and brand preferences in tobacco users.…”

Section: Experiments 3: Operant Choice Testsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…of NIC are weak, they can establish nondrug stimuli as conditioned reinforcers (Palmatier et al, 2008;Palmatier et al, 2007b). Once established, the incentive amplifying effects of NIC can increase responding for these conditioned reinforcers (Palmatier et al, 2007b).…”

Section: Experiments 3: Operant Choice Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Nicotine on Olfactogustatory Incentives: Preference, Palatability, and Operant Choice Tests

Palmatier

Lantz

O’Brien

et al. 2013

Nicotine & Tobacco Research

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The use of additives in tobacco may capitalize on the incentive motivational properties of tastes and scents such as mint (menthol), vanilla, and strawberry. These incentives are intended to increase tobacco experimentation, but their salience may also be enhanced by the incentive amplifying effects of nicotine (NIC). The goal of the present studies was to investigate the potential interaction between the incentive amplifying effects of NIC and gustatory incentives.

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“…Interestingly, researchers have also suggested a nonassociative mechanism through which environmental stimuli may be involved in maintaining smoking behavior Donny et al, 2003;Palmatier, Liu, Matteson, Donny, Caggiula, et al, 2007). According to the dual-reinforcement model, smoking behavior is not maintained simply by the unconditioned reinforcing effects of nicotine and the consequent conditioned effects of nicotine-associated stimuli; nicotine also increases the reinforcing value of other non-nicotine reinforcing stimuli in the environment through nonassociative mechanisms.…”

Section: How Will Non-nicotine Stimuli Impact Behavior During Reduction?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, the reinforcement-enhancing effects are known to impact responding for nicotine-associated conditioned reinforcers. Animals responding to stimuli that have previously been paired with nicotine do so more rigorously if they are concurrently exposed to nicotine even noncontingently (Palmatier, Liu, Matteson, Donny, Caggiula et al, 2007). Second, chronic treatment and subsequent withdrawal from nicotine leads to a decrement in reinforced behaviors, which may provide an additional motive for use of even low levels of nicotine (Epping-Jordan, Watkins, Koob, & Markou, 1998;LeSage et al, 2006;Skjei & Markou, 2003;Weaver et al, 2012).…”

Section: How Will Non-nicotine Stimuli Impact Behavior During Reduction?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Tobacco Regulation on Animal Research: New Perspectives and Opportunities

Donny

Taylor

LeSage

et al. 2012

Nicotine & Tobacco Research

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Introduction: The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act in the United States and the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco or Health ratified by over 170 countries render scientific investigations into the abuse liability, harm, and effects of tobacco more critical than ever. A key area to explore relates to the potential regulation of nicotine content in cigarettes. Determining the nicotine content per cigarette below which smokers reliably reduce their consumption of and dependence on cigarettes, an idea proposed almost 20 years ago (Benowitz & Henningfield, 1994), could be a powerful approach to reduce the abuse liability and consequent harm from cigarettes. However, this approach is laden with potentially complex issues. Many of these complications can be studied using animal models, but they require a particular perspective.

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Conditioned reinforcement in rats established with self-administered nicotine and enhanced by noncontingent nicotine

Abstract: Rationale Nicotine is widely assumed to convey reinforcing properties upon tobacco-related stimuli through associative learning. We have proposed that the reinforcement derived from these conditional stimuli can be inflated by a nonassociative "reinforcement-enhancing" effect of nicotine.

Cited by 59 publications

References 35 publications

Effects of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition on the Reinforcing Properties of Low-Dose Nicotine

Effects of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition on the Reinforcing Properties of Low-Dose Nicotine

Effects of Nicotine on Olfactogustatory Incentives: Preference, Palatability, and Operant Choice Tests

Impact of Tobacco Regulation on Animal Research: New Perspectives and Opportunities

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