Conditioning preparation for the nictitating membrane of the pigeon

Stickney, Kenneth J.; Donahoe, John W.; Carlson, Neil R.

doi:10.3758/bf03202082

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Prior work has shown that the pigeon adapts well to restraint during Pavlovian conditioning (cf. Stickney, Donahoe, & Carlson, 1981) and that nictitating membrane conditioning in the pigeon is comparable with that of the rabbit (Burns, 1989; Schwartz, 1988). In addition, other research has demonstrated that mandible movements of the pigeon are conditionable using the opportunity to drink as the US (Remy & Zeigler, 1993; cf.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each chamber was ventilated by a fan, continuously illuminated by a 15-W houselight, and provided with a white noise (80 dB re 0.0002 dynes/cm 2 ) that served as a masking stimulus. The subjects were restrained by an apparatus similar to that previously used in conditioning the pigeon nictitating membrane response (NMR; Stickney et al, 1981). The bird's body was confined in a canvas jacket held in place by Velcro straps and suspended from a horizontal rod attached to a ring stand.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pavlovian conditioning: The CS-UR relation.

Donahoe¹,

Vegas²

2004

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

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A new Pavlovian procedure used fluid-elicited throat-movement responses of the pigeon (N=66) to study the effects on conditioning of the temporal relation of the conditioned stimulus (CS) to the unconditioned stimulus-unconditioned response (US-UR). Because the throat-movement response has a substantial latency and duration, the relation of the CS to the US and UR could be independently evaluated. Four experiments indicated that, operationally, the relation of the CS to the UR--not to the US--is critical for conditioning in this preparation. The conventional emphasis on CS-US relations is based on procedures that confound the occurrence of the US with the UR and that foster generalization decrement between training and testing. The authors indicate how several conditioning phenomena may be reinterpreted in terms of CS-UR relations.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pavlovian conditioning: The CS-UR relation.

Donahoe¹,

Vegas²

2004

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

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“…The description that follows is thus based on viewings of the actual videos. The nictitating membrane is drawn across the whole front of the eyeball from the frontal to the posterior eyelid angle (Chard and Gundlach, 1938;Baumel, 1979;Stickney et al, 1981;Burns et al, 2011;Jones et al, 2019). As already noted by Hodos et al (1976) and Zeigler et al (1980), the eyelid slit formation during pecking is accompanied by a simultaneous nictitating membrane closure.…”

Section: Nictitating Membranementioning

confidence: 81%

Eyelid squinting during food-pecking in pigeons

Ostheim

Delius

2020

Journal of Experimental Biology

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The visual control of pecking by pigeons (Columba livia) has latterly been thought to be restricted to the fixation stops interrupting their downward head movements because these stops prevent interference by motion blur. Pigeons were also assumed to close their eyes during the final head thrust of the peck. Here, we re-examined their pecking motions using high-speed video recordings and supplementary provisions that permitted a threedimensional spatial analysis of the movement, including measurement of pupil diameter and eyelid slit width. The results confirm that pigeons do not close their eyes completely during the presumed optically ballistic phase of pecking. Instead, their eyelids are narrowed to a slit. The width of this slit is sensitive to both the ambient illumination level and the visual background against which seed targets have to be detected and grasped. There is also evidence of some interaction between pupil diameter and eyelid slit width. We surmise that besides being an eye-protecting reflex, the partial covering of the pupil with the eyelids may increase the depth of focus, enabling pigeons to obtain sharp retinal images of peck target items at very close range and during the beak-gape 'handling' of food items and occasional grit particles.

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“…14,15 In addition, there is only a marginal plait at the leading edge of the nictitating membrane with no vertical arm of T-cartilage, which is a surgical point for NMF in small animals. [16][17][18] Considering the insufficient tamponade effect of tarsorrhaphy, refractoriness to medical treatment, and unsuitable body condition for long surgery in this case, NMF was the best option for the patient, with modifications required based on the anatomic features of the avian nictitating membrane. There is a report that NMF was applied in a bird with corneal epithelial defects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of a modified nictitating membrane flap in a fledgling feral pigeon (Columba livia domestica) with bullous keratopathy

Jung

Rhim

Kim

et al. 2022

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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A fledgling feral pigeon with systemic protozoal infection was referred with corneal protrusion in the right eye after being treated for a corneal ulcer for 12 days. Ophthalmic examination revealed a corneal bulla covering almost the entire central cornea and preventing the eyelids from closing. Gelatinous corneal stroma with numerous heterophils surrounding the corneal bulla was also detected on cytologic examination. Bullous keratopathy and melting keratitis in the right eye were diagnosed. Temporary tarsorrhaphy with topical eye drops was prescribed for a week; however, the bulla persisted. A modified nictitating membrane flap was created under general anesthesia and maintained for 2 weeks. The corneal bulla resolved, and corneal thickness was restored. The pigeon was presented again with recurrence of the corneal bulla in the right eye after 45 days. Alternative surgical options were recommended; however, the pigeon was euthanized because the protozoa‐induced intra‐oral and intra‐aural masses caused malformation of the beaks, which made voluntary feeding impossible.

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Conditioning preparation for the nictitating membrane of the pigeon

Cited by 5 publications

References 11 publications

Pavlovian conditioning: The CS-UR relation.

Pavlovian conditioning: The CS-UR relation.

Eyelid squinting during food-pecking in pigeons

Application of a modified nictitating membrane flap in a fledgling feral pigeon (Columba livia domestica) with bullous keratopathy

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