Conduit Diameter and Wall Remodeling in Elite Athletes and Spinal Cord Injury

Rowley, Nicola; Dawson, Ellen A.; Hopman, Maria T. E.; George, Keith; Whyte, Greg; Thijssen, Dick H. J.; Green, Daniel

doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31823f6887

Cited by 54 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In contrast, Rowley et al found a smaller carotid artery wall thickness in elite athletes compared to sedentary controls (261,262). One explanation for these differences in findings is that elite athletes are exposed to a larger volume, duration and intensity of exercise than recreationally active subjects (212,247,285).…”

Section: Conduit Arteries (Wall Thickness) When Directly Comparing Ementioning

confidence: 93%

“…rowing) versus cyclical (e.g. rhythmic handgrip) muscular contraction warrants further investigation (261,262).…”

Section: Green Et Al Exercise Hemodynamics and Vascular Adaptationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…No differences in brachial artery wall thickness were found between the arms. In a follow-up study, brachial and femoral artery wall thickness were compared between elite athletes engaged in lower limb versus upper limb exercise, healthy controls, wheelchair controls and athletes (262). All athletes (able-bodied and wheelchair-bound) showed a smaller brachial and femoral artery wall thickness compared to their physically inactive peers.…”

Section: Green Et Al Exercise Hemodynamics and Vascular Adaptationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vascular Adaptation to Exercise in Humans: Role of Hemodynamic Stimuli

Green

Hopman

Padilla

et al. 2017

Physiological Reviews

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536

570

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On the 400 th anniversary of Harvey's Lumleian lectures, this review focusses on the impact of physical exercise on "hemodynamic" forces associated with the movement of blood through arteries in humans and the functional and structural adaptations that result from repeated episodic exposure to such stimuli. The late 20 th century discovery that endothelial cells modify arterial tone via paracrine transduction, provoked studies exploring the direct mechanical effects of blood flow and pressure on vascular function and adaptation in vivo. In this review, we address the impact of distinct hemodynamic signals that occur in response to exercise, the inter-relationships between these signals, the nature of the adaptive responses that manifest under different physiological conditions and the implications for human health.Exercise modifies blood flow, luminal shear stress, arterial pressure and tangential wall stress, all of which can transduce changes in arterial function, diameter and wall thickness.There are important clinical implications of the adaptation that occurs as a consequence of repeated hemodynamic stimulation associated with exercise training in humans, including impacts on atherosclerotic risk in conduit arteries, the control of blood pressure in resistance vessels, oxygen delivery and diffusion, and microvascular health. Exercise training studies have demonstrated that direct hemodynamic impacts on the health of the artery wall contribute substantially to the well-established decrease in cardiovascular risk attributed to physical activity.

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Section: Conduit Arteries (Wall Thickness) When Directly Comparing Ementioning

confidence: 93%

“…rowing) versus cyclical (e.g. rhythmic handgrip) muscular contraction warrants further investigation (261,262).…”

Section: Green Et Al Exercise Hemodynamics and Vascular Adaptationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Green Et Al Exercise Hemodynamics and Vascular Adaptationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Vascular Adaptation to Exercise in Humans: Role of Hemodynamic Stimuli

Green

Hopman

Padilla

et al. 2017

Physiological Reviews

Self Cite

536

570

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Cross-sectional studies in healthy subjects demonstrated that athletes have a generally lower artery wall thickness compared to sedentary controls (Rowley et al 2012;Rowley et al 2011;Maiorana et al 2011). A recent study in healthy young men confirmed the presence of a generalised decrease in arterial wall thickness after 8-weeks cycling exercise training (3 sessions per week) on both the carotid and the superficial femoral artery (Thijssen et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined aerobic and resistance exercise training decreases peripheral but not central artery wall thickness in subjects with type 2 diabetes

et al. 2014

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Objective Little is known about the impact of exercise training on conduit artery wall thickness in type 2 diabetes. We examined the local and systemic impact of exercise training on superficial femoral (SFA), brachial (BA), and carotid artery (CA) wall thickness in type 2 diabetes patients and controls.Methods Twenty patients with type 2 diabetes and 10 age-and sex-matched controls performed an 8-week training study involving lower-limb based combined aerobic and resistance exercise training. We examined the SFA to study the local effect of exercise, and also the systemic impact of lower-limb based exercise training on peripheral (i.e. BA) and central (i.e. CA) arteries. Wall thickness (WT), diameter and wall:lumen(W:L)-ratios were examined using automated edgedetection of ultrasound images.Results Exercise training did not alter SFA or CA diameter in type 2 diabetes or controls (all P>0.05). BA diameter was increased after training in type 2 diabetes, but not in controls.Exercise training decreased WT and W:L-ratio in the SFA and BA, but not in CA in type 2 diabetes. Training did not alter WT or W:L-ratio in controls (P>0.05).Conclusion Lower-limb dominant exercise training causes remodelling of peripheral arteries, supplying active and inactive vascular beds, but not central arteries in type 2 diabetes.

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“…This study showed that the circulating levels of angiogenic factors in response to exercise also increased significantly in individuals with SCI; this implies that these factors are involved in exercise-induced vascular remodeling and angiogenesis in these individuals as well. [21][22][23][24][25] This study is the first to investigate the responses of angiogenic molecules to exercise in individuals with SCI; thus, comparisons with previous studies using this population are not possible. However, earlier work in humans with intact spinal cords supports our findings in AB.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulating angiogenic biomolecules at rest and in response to upper-limb exercise in individuals with spinal cord injury

Vasiliadis

Zafeiridis

Δίπλα

et al. 2013

The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine

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Objective: Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) show structural and functional vascular maladaptations and muscle loss in their lower limbs. Angiogenic biomolecules play important roles in physiological and pathological angiogenesis, and are implicated in the maintenance of muscle mass. This study examined the responses of angiogenic molecules during upper-limb aerobic exercise in patients with SCI and in able-bodied (AB) individuals. Methods: Eight SCI patients with thoracic lesions (T 6 -T 12 , ASIA A) and eight AB individuals performed an armcranking exercise for 30 minutes at 60% of their VO 2max . Plasma concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A 165 ), VEGF receptor 1 (sVEGFr-1), VEGF receptor 2 (sVEGFr-2), metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), and endostatin were measured at rest, after exercise, and at 1.5 and 3.0 hours during recovery. Results: The two-way analysis of variance showed non-significant main effects of "group" and significant main effects of "time/exercise" for all angiogenic biomolecules examined (P < 0.01-0.001). The arm-cranking exercise significantly increased plasma concentrations of VEGF, sVEGFr-1, sVEGFr-2, MMP-2, and endostatin in both groups (P < 0.001-0.01). The magnitude of the increase was similar in both patients with SCI and AB individuals, as shown by the non-significant group × time interaction for all angiogenic parameters. Conclusions: Upper-limb exercise (arm-cranking for 30 minutes at 60% of VO 2max ) is a sufficient stimulus to trigger a coordinated circulating angiogenic response in patients with SCI. The response of angiogenic molecules to upper-limb aerobic exercise in SCI appears relatively similar to that observed in AB individuals.

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Conduit Diameter and Wall Remodeling in Elite Athletes and Spinal Cord Injury

Cited by 54 publications

References 31 publications

Vascular Adaptation to Exercise in Humans: Role of Hemodynamic Stimuli

Vascular Adaptation to Exercise in Humans: Role of Hemodynamic Stimuli

Combined aerobic and resistance exercise training decreases peripheral but not central artery wall thickness in subjects with type 2 diabetes

Circulating angiogenic biomolecules at rest and in response to upper-limb exercise in individuals with spinal cord injury

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