Connectome Networks: From Cells to Systems

Sporns, Olaf

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27777-6_8

Cited by 29 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…Changing these parameters allows for calculation of neural response patterns associated with different stimuli. The strength of this approach lies in the ability of removing neurons from a network and studying the dynamics of the circuit [77,78]. This unique computational approach is a first step in making any nervous system’s architecture being able to predict a behavior based on network properties.…”

Section: Technologies Employed To Unravel the Functional Connectomementioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Technological Advances in Functional Connectomics in C. elegans

DiLoreto

Chute

Bryce

et al. 2019

JDB

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The complete structure and connectivity of the Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system (“mind of a worm”) was first published in 1986, representing a critical milestone in the field of connectomics. The reconstruction of the nervous system (connectome) at the level of synapses provided a unique perspective of understanding how behavior can be coded within the nervous system. The following decades have seen the development of technologies that help understand how neural activity patterns are connected to behavior and modulated by sensory input. Investigations on the developmental origins of the connectome highlight the importance of role of neuronal cell lineages in the final connectivity matrix of the nervous system. Computational modeling of neuronal dynamics not only helps reconstruct the biophysical properties of individual neurons but also allows for subsequent reconstruction of whole-organism neuronal network models. Hence, combining experimental datasets with theoretical modeling of neurons generates a better understanding of organismal behavior. This review discusses some recent technological advances used to analyze and perturb whole-organism neuronal function along with developments in computational modeling, which allows for interrogation of both local and global neural circuits, leading to different behaviors. Combining these approaches will shed light into how neural networks process sensory information to generate the appropriate behavioral output, providing a complete understanding of the worm nervous system.

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Section: Technologies Employed To Unravel the Functional Connectomementioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Technological Advances in Functional Connectomics in C. elegans

DiLoreto

Chute

Bryce

et al. 2019

JDB

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“…Nervous systems comprise of structurally interconnected neuronal networks and brain regions with complex connectivity patterns (74). As mapping and recording techniques become increasingly capable of capturing neural structure and activity across widely distributed circuits and systems, there is a growing need for new analysis tools and modeling approaches to make sense of these rich "big data" sets.…”

Section: Discussion and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Connectomics in <em>C. elegans</em>

DiLoreto¹,

Chute²,

Bryce³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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The complete structure and connectivity of the Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system was first published in 1986. The ‘mind of a worm’ was the first organism to have its nervous system to be reconstructed at the level of synapses, and represented a critical milestone considering today it remains the only organism to be mapped to that level of connection. Recently, the extrasynaptic connectome of neuropeptides and monoamines has been described. This review discusses recent technological advances used to perturb whole-organism neuronal function, such as: whole brain imaging, optogenetics, sonogenetics and mutant analysis, which have allowed for interrogations of both local and global neural circuits, leading to different behaviors. A better understanding of a whole organism requires combining experimental datasets with biophysical neuronal modelling, and behavioral quantification. Combining these approaches will provide a complete understanding of the worm nervous system and shed light into how networks function and interact with the synaptic network to modulate information processing and behavioral output.

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“…Functional mapping is evolving from psychological and behavioral stereotypes towards a map of behaviors emerging from structural and functional connectomes (Gall and Spurzheim, 1810; Vogt and Vogt, 1903; Brodmann, 1908; Sporns, 2016), from observing and characterizing brain responses to stimulation (Hitzig and Fritsch, 1870; Penfield and Boldrey, 1937) towards understanding the causal relationship between neural connectivity and brain function (Bassett and Sporns, 2017; Reimann et al, 2017a). Today, at the cellular level, neuroscientists are still surprised to find that different neurons respond to different inputs in a different manner and are still composing an endless spectrum of stimulus preference maps for neurons, while we are moving from considering only how the type of neurons is responsible for their different responses towards identifying the contribution of the underlying networks.…”

Section: The Next Phase Of Brain Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the function of neural circuits and systems cannot be explained only through wiring diagrams, we also need information such as the types of neurons and synapses, the dynamics of neuronal synchronization, and the role of different types of glial cells and neuromodulators (Sporns, 2013b; Fields et al, 2015). Therefore, the concept of the “connectome” is evolving to include all the structural and functional relationships between different types of neurons, as well as all their connections with their cellular partners in a defined neural region or the whole brain (Marc et al, 2013; Sporns, 2016; Swanson and Lichtman, 2016). Nevertheless, this concept owes its origins to MRI methods, which enable in vivo rapid-throughput mapping of human brain connectivity at the macroscale.…”

Section: Connectivity Mapping: From White Matter Tracts Towards a Fulmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Brief History of Simulation Neuroscience

Fan

Markram

2019

Front. Neuroinform.

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Our knowledge of the brain has evolved over millennia in philosophical, experimental and theoretical phases. We suggest that the next phase is simulation neuroscience. The main drivers of simulation neuroscience are big data generated at multiple levels of brain organization and the need to integrate these data to trace the causal chain of interactions within and across all these levels. Simulation neuroscience is currently the only methodology for systematically approaching the multiscale brain. In this review, we attempt to reconstruct the deep historical paths leading to simulation neuroscience, from the first observations of the nerve cell to modern efforts to digitally reconstruct and simulate the brain. Neuroscience began with the identification of the neuron as the fundamental unit of brain structure and function and has evolved towards understanding the role of each cell type in the brain, how brain cells are connected to each other, and how the seemingly infinite networks they form give rise to the vast diversity of brain functions. Neuronal mapping is evolving from subjective descriptions of cell types towards objective classes, subclasses and types. Connectivity mapping is evolving from loose topographic maps between brain regions towards dense anatomical and physiological maps of connections between individual genetically distinct neurons. Functional mapping is evolving from psychological and behavioral stereotypes towards a map of behaviors emerging from structural and functional connectomes. We show how industrialization of neuroscience and the resulting large disconnected datasets are generating demand for integrative neuroscience, how the scale of neuronal and connectivity maps is driving digital atlasing and digital reconstruction to piece together the multiple levels of brain organization, and how the complexity of the interactions between molecules, neurons, microcircuits and brain regions is driving brain simulation to understand the interactions in the multiscale brain.

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Connectome Networks: From Cells to Systems

Abstract: Nervous systems are networks of neurons and brain regions that are structurally interconnected and dynamically linked in complex patterns. As map-

Cited by 29 publications

References 89 publications

Novel Technological Advances in Functional Connectomics in C. elegans

Novel Technological Advances in Functional Connectomics in C. elegans

Functional Connectomics in <em>C. elegans</em>

A Brief History of Simulation Neuroscience

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