Consequences of Aging on Bone

Abstract

With the aging of the global population, the incidence of musculoskeletal diseases has been increasing, seriously affecting people's health. As people age, the microenvironment within skeleton favors bone resorption and inhibits bone formation, accompanied by bone marrow fat accumulation and multiple cellular senescence. Specifically, skeletal stem/stromal cells (SSCs) during aging tend to undergo adipogenesis rather than osteogenesis. Meanwhile, osteoblasts, as well as osteocytes, showed increased apoptosis, decreased quantity, and multiple functional limitations including impaired mechanical sensing, intercellular modulation, and exosome secretion. Also, the bone resorption function of macrophage-lineage cells (including osteoclasts and preosteoclasts) was significantly enhanced, as well as impaired vascularization and innervation. In this study, we systematically reviewed the effect of aging on bone and the within microenvironment (including skeletal cells as well as their intracellular structure variations, vascular structures, innervation, marrow fat distribution, and lymphatic system) caused by aging, and mechanisms of osteoimmune regulation of the bone environment in the aging state, and the causal relationship with multiple musculoskeletal diseases in addition with their potential therapeutic strategy.

Comparative Analysis of the Incidence of Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System in Different Regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Period From 2011 to 2020

“…Musculoskeletal system lesions encompass a spectrum of conditions, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, and low back pain [1,2]. The development of these diseases is influenced by various direct and indirect factors [3][4][5][6]. Musculoskeletal disorders pose a substantial public health challenge, ranking alongside cardiovascular disease, trauma, and mental health disorders and contributing significantly to mortality [7].…”