2003
DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02049.x
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Conservation Implications of Chamorro Consumption of Flying Foxes as a Possible Cause of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis–Parkinsonism Dementia Complex in Guam

Abstract: In the Pacific island of Guam, flying fox ( Pteropus mariannus and P. tokudae ) populations historically persisted for centuries despite subsistence foraging by the indigenous Chamorro people. However, the militarization of Guam in the twentieth century, with an increased emphasis on a cash rather than a subsistence economy, led to two features that had deleterious effects on the flying fox populations: easy access to firearms greatly increased hunter yields and disposable income facilitated commercial traffic… Show more

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Cited by 49 publications
(38 citation statements)
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“…Cycad seeds are one of the top 10 food items of Guamanian flying foxes (5). Museum specimens of Guamanian flying foxes of the species P. mariannus mariannus have a mean of 3,556 g͞g BMAA (6).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Cycad seeds are one of the top 10 food items of Guamanian flying foxes (5). Museum specimens of Guamanian flying foxes of the species P. mariannus mariannus have a mean of 3,556 g͞g BMAA (6).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…La dispersión espacial en agregados y la mayor densidad de plántulas y juveniles alrededor de la planta madre de Ceratozamia matudae, Ceratozamia mirandae y Dioon edule puede deberse a deficiencias en los mecanismos de dispersión y bajos niveles de depredación de la semilla (Pérez-Farrera et al, 2000;Pérez-Farrera y Vovides, 2004;Octavio-Aguilar et al, 2008). Las semillas de las Cycadales contienen compuestos altamente tóxicos para los mamífe-ros (Khabazian et al, 2002;Schneider et al, 2002;Monson et al, 2003), los cuales pueden ser factores limitantes para su dispersión . Otro factor que puede determinar el patrón de dispersión agregado de D. holmgrenii es la profundidad del suelo.…”
Section: Discussionunclassified
“…Additional sources of neurotoxin in the Chamorro diet include flying foxes (6,7). Unlike the Chamorro people, who eat flour prepared from cycad gametophytes (81 g͞g), flying foxes primarily consume the seed sarcotesta (89 g͞g).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…BMAA is then biomagnified in both the cycad seeds and the flying foxes that forage on them. Consumption of flying foxes by the Chamorro people has been implicated as a delivery mechanism of relatively high doses of BMAA in the Chamorro diet (6,7). Support for this hypothesis has come from the findings of high levels of BMAA in Guam flying foxes (8) and the discovery of BMAA within brain tissues of Chamorro patients who have died of ALS͞PDC in Guam (1).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%