Consideration for Fischer-Tropsch Derived Liquid Fuels as a Fuel Injection Emission Control Parameter

McMillian, Michael H.; Gautam, Mridul

doi:10.4271/982489

Cited by 16 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Absence of sulfur also enables the use of catalytic oxidation technologies without the concern over catalyst poisoning or PM emission penalties from the catalytic creation of sulfates. McMillian and Gautam [1998] concluded that F-T fuels provide a basis for reduction of NO x using higher exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates. However, the low efficiency of the F-T process currently makes this fuel expensive.…”

Section: Fisher-tropschmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of technology available to the underground mining industry for control of diesel emissions.

2002

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This report reviews the performance and applicability of technology for the control of emissions from diesel-powered equipment used in underground coal and metal/nonmetal mines. The methods discussed include Mine Safety and Health Administration-approved low-emission engines, engine derating, fuels, fuel additives, diesel oxidation catalysts, and diesel particulate filters. The potential of each of these technologies is examined individually and in combination. The performance estimates are derived from the published literature and presented in narrative and tabular form. The purpose of this report is to help the mining industry select the most appropriate method to reduce underground exposures of miners to diesel exhaust in the context of the recently developed diesel regulations. It is important to note that the control technologies discussed in this report have received limited evaluation in underground mines. Additional research is ongoing, and some engineering design changes may need to be implemented before all of these diesel emission control technologies can be safely and successfully used in underground mines.

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Section: Fisher-tropschmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of technology available to the underground mining industry for control of diesel emissions.

2002

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“…Authors found that regulated emissions were very low. PM was also measured using the Tapered Gautam tested FT fuel and proposed the FT fuel as fuel injection emission control parameter [45].…”

Section: Cat 3408 Testing Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fischer-Tropsch fuel is a hydrocarbon fuel produced from synthesis gas [45]. The EPA has also developed non-regulatory non-road duty cycles for equipment, such as, agricultural tractors, backhoe loaders, crawler tractors, excavators, arc welders, skid steer loaders, and wheeled loaders [48].…”

Section: Fuel Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of exhaust emissions from catalyzed trap-equipped non-road heavy-duty diesel engines

Nagendran¹

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Characterization of Exhaust Emissions from Trap-Equipped Non-Road Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines Vinay Nagendran An emissions and engine performance study was conducted to explore the effects of ultra low sulfur fuels on an off-road, heavy-duty engine retrofitted with catalyzed traps. The study was conducted, on an 8 cylinder, mechanically controlled Caterpillar 3408, rear engine of a Scraper. An in-field transient duty cycle was determined by logging the engine speed and torque using an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) communication adapter on the Scraper. The test fuels included California Air Resources Board (CARB) off-road diesel fuel, Fischer-Tropsch and Emission Control Diesel-1 (ECD1) diesel fuels. The engine was retrofit with two different types of diesel particulate filters (DPF) (Johnson-Matthey CRT and Engelhard DPX). The in-field cycle was recreated in the West Virginia University engine laboratory for engine dynamometer studies. The Caterpillar 3408 was mounted on a heavy-duty direct current dynamometer and the engine was exercised through the 25-minute transient scraper cycle that was representative of in-field operation. The engine was run on both the ISO 8178 8-mode cycle and the transient cycles for different configurations of fuels and DPFs. There was a remarkable reduction in particulate matter (PM), hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) in all the combinations of fuel with filters tested under transient loading. Brake specific PM emissions were as low as 0.01 g/bhp-hr on both the filters with the ECD1 and Fischer-Tropsch diesel, compared to 0.34 g/bhp-hr for the baseline configuration with ECD1 diesel. This amounted to a 98% reduction of PM emissions for the low-sulfur fuels-DPF configurations. Brake specific hydrocarbon emissions for both ECD1-CRT and Fischer-Tropsch-CRT configurations were 0.02 g/bhp-hr, and the emissions for ECD1-DPX configuration were 0.06 g/bhp-hr. Brake specific CO emissions were reduced by 96% to a value of 0.07 g/bhp-hr with the ECD1-CRT setup. These emission levels comply with the California emission standards for 2001. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This is the one of those rare moments in life when you see the end and beginning at the same time, in that order. At the end of my graduate program there is an immense sense of gratitude towards many people who have helped me along the way. None more important than Dr. Gautam. You are better than the best. Thanks for believing in me. You have been a good friend, and a patient advisor all along. If there is one thing I've learned from you, that is to get the job done with whatever it takes. I'll always remember that. I wish to thank you and your family for showering me with all the love and support. The guys at ERC deserve all the thanks that I can offer. I have learned something new everyday I have spent there. Dan Carder, you have been wonderful to work with. I have always had my problems solved when I have asked you and always had a good laugh at the end of it. I also wish to thank Wes, Richard, Tom, Andy, Aaron, Ares, Glen, Dave, a...

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“…Further, diesel engines continue to enjoy 25% to 40% higher thermal efficiency over their gasoline fueled counterparts (McMillian and Gautam, 1998). It is however, very difficult for diesel engines to simultaneously meet NO x and particulate matter emissions standards.…”

Section: Table Of Contentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combustion analysis and particulate mutagenicity characterization for a single-cylinder diesel engine fueled by Fischer -Tropsch derived liquids

McMillian¹

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Further growth of diesel engines in the light-duty and heavy-duty vehicular markets is closely linked to the potential health risks of diesel exhaust. Cleaner burning fuels, such as those derived from natural gas via the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process, offer a potentially economically viable alternative to standard diesel fuel. As part of this study, a two-liter, single-cylinder, four-stroke direct-injected engine was instrumented for in-cylinder pressure measurements. The emissions and performance data from engine operation with Federal low sulfur No. 2 diesel fuel (DF) and natural gas derived FT fuel were compared. Also as part of the study, an investigation was carried out on the mutagenic characteristics of particulate matter (PM) derived from FT and DF fuel combustion by relating the in-vitro mutagenic activity of the particulate matter to engine operating conditions and particle size via the Ames Salmonella typhimurium bioassay (Maron and Ames, 1983). Particulate matter from two engine conditions were gathered using a Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposition Impactor (MOUDI) for size selective mutagenic analysis. Results of the mutagenicity study indicate differences in the mutagenic response of the PM soluble organic fraction (SOF) of both Federal diesel No. 2 and FT fuel as functions of engine operating conditions, fuel type and particle size. The extracted solubles from particles of aerodynamic diameters greater than 100 nm were found to exhibit significantly greater mutagenic effect than their smaller counterparts (<100 nm) for both fuels. Results of the combustion and emission study revealed a general trend for lower emissions for FT fuel compared to DF fuel. NO x emissions correlated well with ignition delay and the amount of heat released in the premixed combustion phase. With the exception of two high load engine conditions, lower CO and total hydrocarbon (THC) emissions were the general trend for FT fuel.

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Consideration for Fischer-Tropsch Derived Liquid Fuels as a Fuel Injection Emission Control Parameter

Cited by 16 publications

References 3 publications

Review of technology available to the underground mining industry for control of diesel emissions.

Review of technology available to the underground mining industry for control of diesel emissions.

Characterization of exhaust emissions from catalyzed trap-equipped non-road heavy-duty diesel engines

Combustion analysis and particulate mutagenicity characterization for a single-cylinder diesel engine fueled by Fischer -Tropsch derived liquids

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