Consistency and Traceability of Black Carbon Measurements Made by Laser-Induced Incandescence, Thermal-Optical Transmittance, and Filter-Based Photo-Absorption Techniques

Kondo, Yutaka; Sahu, L. K.; Moteki, Nobuhiro; Khan, Firoz; Takegawa, N.; Liu, X.; Koike, M.; Miyakawa, Takuma

doi:10.1080/02786826.2010.533215

Cited by 203 publications

(303 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…31,57,58 In general there has been agreement among those measurements, with the exception of a recent study 59 which showed a 30−40% low bias for thermal−optical techniques relative to the SP2. However, none of those comparisons utilized BC particles from gasoline engines, or they were performed in areas dominated by diesel emissions, away from direct sources, and with observed ambient mass mode diameters >150 nm.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Are Emissions of Black Carbon from Gasoline Vehicles Underestimated? Insights from Near and On-Road Measurements

Liggio

Gordon

Smallwood³

et al. 2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Measurements of black carbon (BC) with a highsensitivity laser-induced incandescence (HS-LII) instrument and a single particle soot photometer (SP2) were conducted upwind, downwind, and while driving on a highway dominated by gasoline vehicles. The results are used with concurrent CO 2 measurements to derive fuel-based BC emission factors for real-world average fleet and heavy-duty diesel vehicles separately. The derived emission factors from both instruments are compared, and a low SP2 bias (relative to the HS-LII) is found to be caused by a BC mass mode diameter less than 75 nm, that is most prominent with the gasoline fleet but is not present in the heavy-duty diesel vehicle exhaust on the highway. Results from both the LII and the SP2 demonstrate that the BC emission factors from gasoline vehicles are at least a factor of 2 higher than previous North American measurements, and a factor of 9 higher than currently used emission inventories in Canada, derived with the MOBILE 6.2C model. Conversely, the measured BC emission factor for heavy-duty diesel vehicles is in reasonable agreement with previous measurements. The results suggest that greater attention must be paid to black carbon from gasoline engines to obtain a full understanding of the impact of black carbon on air quality and climate and to devise appropriate mitigation strategies.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Are Emissions of Black Carbon from Gasoline Vehicles Underestimated? Insights from Near and On-Road Measurements

Liggio

Gordon

Smallwood³

et al. 2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Although BC brings to mind a material, and many aerosol papers refer to it as if it were a specific material, laboratory samples of atmospheric BC that can be measured do not exist. In the absence of an accepted BC standard, surrogate materials such as fullerene, graphite, and Aquadag are used as standards (Gysel et al 2011;Kondo et al 2011;Baumgardner et al 2012;Laborde et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ns-Soot: A Material-Based Term for Strongly Light-Absorbing Carbonaceous Particles

Buseck

Adachi

Gelencsér

et al. 2014

Aerosol Science and Technology

105

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The climate-change and environmental literature, including that on aerosols, is replete with mention of black carbon (BC) and soot. The terms are used interchangeably in much of the literature, although BC and soot commonly have operational and source-based definitions, respectively, and reliable reference samples and aerosol standards do not exist for either one. The uncertainty about their exact chemical nature and properties can be decreased by materials-based measurement techniques and terminology. Here, we discuss ambiguities in common uses of BC and soot and propose the term ns-soot, where "ns" refers to carbon nanospheres, for a characteristic constituent of BC and soot. Based on its composition, morphology, and structure, we define ns-soot as particles that consist of nanospheres, typically with diameters <100 nm, that possess distinct structures of concentrically wrapped, graphene-like layers of carbon and with grape-like (aciniform) morphologies. We additionally propose that, because of their importance for climate modeling and health issues, distinctions are made among bare, coated, and embedded ns-soot particles.

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“…Kondo et al (2011b) also reported that when performing BC measurements via other techniques, the use of a 300…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The peak of the LII intensity can be used to quantify the mass of BC aerosol on a per-particle basis after calibration (Kondo et al 2011b). The calibration of the SP2 system is typically achieved using commercially available size or mass-selected BC particles of known density (Baumgarder et al 2004), with similar refractive index and particle shape to that of ambient BC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of a Heated-Inlet for Calibration of the SP2

Irwin

Kondo

Moteki

et al. 2013

Aerosol Science and Technology

Self Cite

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Black carbon (BC) calibration standards, such as fullerene soot, are routinely used to calibrate single-particle soot photometer (SP2) instruments. Impurities in BC standards create uncertainties in these calibrations, and thus it is desirable to remove non-BC compounds from the aerosol, though removal processes must not significantly alter BC microphysical properties. We present a series of experiments using mobility-and mass-selected fullerene soot particles to assess the performance of a high-temperature denuder system for treating BC prior to SP2 analysis. Particle mass, incandescence, and scattering properties were measured by tandem aerosol particle mass analyzers and an SP2, after thermal treatment at a range of temperatures and residence times (RT). For a longer RT (e.g., ∼6 s at 300• C), monodisperse fullerene soot particles of initial mass 1.4 fg decreased in mass with increasing temperature, by 3% at 300• C to 15% at 600 • C. Mass losses were similar for fullerene soot particles of initial mass 10.7 fg. The peak height of the particle laser-induced incandescence (LII) and scattering intensities of the 10.7 fg fullerene soot increased by 7% and 3%, respectively, at 300• C, and by over 15% and 10% at 400• C, possibly due to microphysical changes after heating. When sampling through a 300• C denuder with a particle RT of 2.5 s, the LII intensity of ambient BC particles of initial mass 1.1 fg increased by 8%. In light of these results, denuder temperatures of ∼300• C with 0.4 s ≤ RT ≤ 2.5 s are recommended for SP2 calibration.

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Consistency and Traceability of Black Carbon Measurements Made by Laser-Induced Incandescence, Thermal-Optical Transmittance, and Filter-Based Photo-Absorption Techniques

Cited by 203 publications

References 51 publications

Are Emissions of Black Carbon from Gasoline Vehicles Underestimated? Insights from Near and On-Road Measurements

Are Emissions of Black Carbon from Gasoline Vehicles Underestimated? Insights from Near and On-Road Measurements

Ns-Soot: A Material-Based Term for Strongly Light-Absorbing Carbonaceous Particles

Evaluation of a Heated-Inlet for Calibration of the SP2

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