Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) 2022 Explanation and Elaboration: A Report of the ISPOR CHEERS II Good Practices Task Force

Abstract

Health economic evaluations are comparative analyses of alternative courses of action in terms of their costs and consequences. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement, published in 2013, was created to ensure health economic evaluations are identifiable, interpretable, and useful for decision making. It was intended as guidance to help authors report accurately which health interventions were being compared and in what context, how the evaluation was undertaken, what the findings were, and other details that may aid readers and reviewers in interpretation and use of the study. The new CHEERS 2022 statement replaces the previous CHEERS reporting guidance. It reflects the need for guidance that can be more easily applied to all types of health economic evaluation, new methods and developments in the field, and the increased role of stakeholder involvement including patients and the public. It is also broadly applicable to any form of intervention intended to improve the health of individuals or the population, whether simple or complex, and without regard to context (such as healthcare, public health, education, and social care). This Explanation and Elaboration Report presents the new CHEERS 2022 28-item checklist with recommendations and explanation and examples for each item. The CHEERS 2022 statement is primarily intended for researchers reporting economic evaluations for peer-reviewed journals and the peer reviewers and editors assessing them for publication. Nevertheless, we anticipate familiarity with reporting requirements will be useful for analysts when planning studies. It may also be useful for health technology assessment bodies seeking guidance on reporting, given that there is an increasing emphasis on transparency in decision making.

Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) Statement: Updated Reporting Guidance for Health Economic Evaluations

“…Further details on how the Task Force and PPIE members were chosen is available in the Explanation and Elaboration document. 39 Panellists along with the PPIE contributors were subsequently invited to participate by email and directed to a web based survey. Feedback from each round of the Delphi process was discussed by Task Force members, who ultimately finalized the checklist based on the input provided.…”

“…When applying the CHEERS statement, users may need to refer to additional reporting guidance (for example, for randomized controlled trials, patient and public involvement, modelling, health state preference measures), and these are referenced throughout the Explanation and Elaboration report. 39…”

Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) Statement: Updated Reporting Guidance for Health Economic Evaluations

“…Checklist items are subdivided into seven main categories: (1) title, (2) abstract, (3) introduction, (4) methods, (5) results, (6) discussion, and (7) other relevant information. Users of the checklist should first consult the explanation and elaboration report [39] to ensure the appropriate interpretation of each item description. • Items related to patients or service recipients, the general public, and community or stakeholder involvement and engagement added.…”

“…To facilitate appropriate use of the guidance, in addition to the open access explanation and elaboration report [39], we have also made available templates, an interactive form (https:// don-huser eau. shiny apps.…”

“…io/ CHEERS/), and further educational materials for authors. We encourage authors to visit the CHEERS [47] and EQUATOR [48] websites to locate copies of the checklist, the explanation and elaboration report [39], links to educational resources, templates, translations, a link to the interactive form, and future updates.…”