“…2 For theoretical models on how short-sale constraints can lead to overvaluation, speculative trading, and bubbles, see, for example, Miller (1977), Harrison and Kreps (1978), Scheinkman and Xiong (2003), and Hong and Stein (2003). Diamond and Verrecchia (1987) show theoretically that a market with short-sale constraints incorporates information more slowly than a market in which short sales are not restricted. Empirical evidence that short sellers contribute to market efficiency and market quality can be found in, among others, Dechow, Hutton, Meulbroek, and Sloan (2001), Desai, Krishnamurthy, and Kumar (2006), Bris, Goetzmann, and Zhu (2007), Chang, Cheng, and Yu (2007), Boehmer, Jones, and Zhang (2008), Saffi and Sigurdsson (2011), and Boehmer and Wu (2013).…”