Construction and Evaluation of a Self-Calibrating Multiresponse and Multifunctional Graphene Biosensor

Abstract

Recently, many studies have been focused on the development of graphene-based biosensors. However, they rely on one type of signal and need to be calibrated by other techniques. In this study, a nonenzymatic graphenebased biosensor has been designed and constructed. Its ability to detect glucose and Escherichia coli by three different types of signals has been investigated. For its preparation, dopamine-functionalized polyethylene glycol and 2,5-thiophenediylbisboronic acid were conjugated onto the surface of graphene sheets by nitrene [2 + 1] cycloaddition and condensation reactions, respectively. Multivalent interactions between boronic acid segments and biosystems consequently increased the quantifiable fluorescence emission and UV absorption of dopamine segments. Additionally, changing the electrochemical behavior of the functionalized graphene sheets was possible and resulted in a measurable output signal. Conjugation of mannose onto the surface of the biosensor improved its magnitude of signals and specificity for sensing E. coli in a complex medium. The efficiency and accuracy of each signal was monitored by others, which resulted in a real-time self-calibrating biosensor. Taking advantage of the versatility of the three different indicators, including florescence, UV, and electrochemistry, the functionalized graphene sheets have been used as selfregulating biosensors to detect a variety of biosystems with a high accuracy and specificity in a short time.

3D Graphene‐Based H2‐Production Photocatalyst and Electrocatalyst

“…Except for the aforementioned commonly encountered 3D graphene‐based electrocatalysts, other materials, such as oxide, [ 214 ] nitride, [ 251,252 ] and layered double hydroxide (LDH) [ 253 ] have been also incorporated within 3D graphene and studied for the electrocatalytic HER. In fact, since the scientists Geim and Novoselov invented a simple mechanical stripping method and successfully separated graphene from graphite plate, [ 9 ] new endless methods for graphene fabrication have emerged and graphene is being widely used in various fields except for energy conversion and storage, including sea water desalinization, [ 57 ] aerospace, [ 254 ] biosensor, [ 255 ] etc.…”

Anti‐Infective Application of Graphene‐Like Silicon Nanosheets via Membrane Destruction

“…More importantly, as an emerging topology of silicon materials, 2D graphene‐like silicon nanosheets (GS NSs) differ strikingly from other silicon‐based materials such as porous silicon or silica and feature distinct physiochemical characters such as the quantum spin Hall effect, chiral superconductivity, and giant magnetoresistance owing to its special low‐buckled topography . Owing to their exceptional physical and chemical properties, 2D nanomaterials (2D NMs) have attracted extensive attention in biomedical applications such as cancer phototherapy, biosensors, and antimicrobial activity . Many 2D NMs such as graphene and derivatives, black phosphorus, MoS 2 , and Ti 3 C 2 T x MXenes exhibit antibacterial activity, which substantially reduces the possible development of bacterial drug resistance.…”

Functionalized Graphene Platforms for Anticancer Drug Delivery

“…107,108 In the past several years, various types of graphenepolymer platforms have been developed and investigated as nanocarriers for therapeutic agents. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), 43,[113][114][115] polyethylenimine (PEI), 116,117 chitosan, 118,119 and hyaluronic acid (HA) 120,121 are common polymers that are employed for surface functionalization of graphene derivatives. Dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers, including polyamidoamine 100,122 and polyglycerol 9,33,100,123 are other types of polymeric systems that are commonly used in this field.…”