Construction of hydrothermal liquefaction system for efficient production of biomass-derived furfural: Solvents, catalysts and mechanisms

Bioelectrochemical Purification of Biomass Polymer Derived Furfural Wastewater and Its Electric Energy Recovery

“…Furfural is prepared by the acid-catalyzed dehydration of pentose sugars from the polymeric components in lignocellulosic biomass (e.g., corn stalk and bagasse) under high temperatures. Recently, global annual production of furfural has exceeded 750,000 tons, about 80% of which is produced in China [ 36 ]. Converting the biopolymers in waste biomass to biochar is attractive for both environmental and energy efficiency reasons [ 1 ].…”

Furfural production from lignocellulosic biomass: one-step and two-step strategies and techno-economic evaluation

“…Regarding the physical properties, furfural can be directly used as an organic solvent to selectively extract aromatics and unsaturated compounds owing to its polarity and aromatic nature. 14 Chemically, two important groups (furan ring and aldehyde group) in furfural are highly reactive in various reactions, such as acetylation, acylation, reduction to alcohols, alkylation, hydrogenation, oxidation, decarboxylation, and amination reactions. 27 Furfuryl alcohol, 2-methylfuran, 2,5-dimethylfuran, and 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran can be obtained via the catalytic hydrogenation of furfural.…”

“…27 Furfuryl alcohol, 2-methylfuran, 2,5-dimethylfuran, and 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran can be obtained via the catalytic hydrogenation of furfural. 14 Maleic anhydrides, such as succinic, malic, and fumaric acids, can be obtained by selectively oxidizing furfural. 28 Furan, which is the simplest five-membered heterocyclic compound containing oxygen can be obtained by decarboxylation of furfural, which can be further hydrogenated to tetrahydrofuran.…”

“…13 Recently, the conversion of xylan-type hemicellulose to a furfural platform has been widely reported, which can be performed by a one-step conversion process or two-step process with pretreatment and separation of the hydrolysate for subsequent upgrade. 14 Well-optimized procedures usually include the appropriate selection of catalysts, solvents, equipment, and process technology upgrades; these parameters have been considered for the integrated biorefineries and highly selective furfural production. A techno-economic analysis is crucial for evaluating the overall economic feasibility of industrial-scale furfural production.…”

Photoswitchable Catalytic Aerobic Oxidation of Biomass-Based Furfural: A Selective Route for the Synthesis of 5-Hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone and Maleic Acid by Using the CdS/MOF Photocatalyst

“…Biomass-based furfural has received a lot of attention as the most attractive biomass resource with a great potential for conversion into useful chemicals due to the increasing need for renewable biomass sources as a potent substitute to fossil-based feedstocks. , Maleic acid (MA) is a more desirable product due to its widespread use in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries − even though the oxidation of furfural yields useful chemicals (Scheme ). There have been several ways to encourage this reaction up to this point, but their drawbacks include high temperatures, low selectivity, the use of hazardous solvents, lengthy reaction times, and the employment of oxidizing agents. , 5-Hydroxy-2­(5H)-furanone (HFO) is a significant component in many biologically active substances and intermediates.…”