Contamination gradient affects differently carbonic anhydrase activity of mollusks depending on their feeding habits

Oysters and mussels as equivalent sentinels of microplastics and natural particles in coastal environments

“…For example, MPs maximum concentration above 20.0 particles.g -1 had been measured in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis from Spain (Expósito et al, 2022) and in oysters Crassostrea and Saccostrea from Taiwan by (Liao et al, 2021). Such findings are in accordance with other studies performed in SES, which have demonstrated high and complex contamination scenario and pollution caused by hazardous chemicals (Gouveia et al, 2022;Harayashiki et al, 2022;Oliveira et al, 2020).…”

“…These organisms are chronically exposed to different hazardous substances and solid waste along a contamination gradient already reported by several studies (Gouveia et al, 2019;Pusceddu et al, 2019;Ribeiro et al, 2021a). Thus, this multi-impacted estuary has been studied to optimize the use of biological models for environmental quality assessments (Chiovatto et al, 2021;Harayashiki et al, 2022).…”

“…In the present study, the spatial evaluation was carried out in three sampling sites located at the lower estuary of the SES (S1, S2, and S3) (Fig. 1), where there is a marked pollution gradient demonstrated by studies assessing the increased concentrations of contaminants towards upper estuary (from S3 to S1) (Buruaem et al, 2013;Harayashiki et al, 2022;Oliveira et al, 2020). Indeed, high levels have been reported in S1 for PAHs, organochlorine compounds (Begliomini et al, 2017), estrogens (Pusceddu et al, 2019), antifouling biocides (Abreu et al, 2020), toxic metals (Kim et al, 2017) and marine litter (Ribeiro et al, 2021a).…”