Contemporary methods to measure regression rate of energetic materials: A review

Зарко, В. Е.; Kiskin, A. B.; Cheremisin, A. A.

doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2021.100980

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Therefore, the preliminary design of hybrid rocket engines ( combustion system with liquid oxidizer and solid fuel) must be performed thro regression rate. At this moment, there are no available accurate regression rate fo The actual main research includes experimental measurement techniques for fast oxidation processes of fuels used in hybrid combustion systems [4].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Regression Rate-Based Preliminary Engineering Design of Hybrid Rocket Combustion System

2022

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The paper presents a useful engineering model for the design of preliminary hybrid rocket engines. This model involves the experimentally obtained equation regarding the speed of the burning interface between solid fuel and gaseous phase, called the regression rate. This regression rate characterizes the mass rate of the burning fuel and additionally the mass rate of the oxidizer through the imposed ratio of these mass rates during combustion. The preliminary design is applied to combustion using pure HTPB and gaseous oxygen and was developed for three cases, constant regression rate, constant oxygen mass flow rate and constant O/F (ratio of mass rates of oxygen and of fuel). The design evaluates the initial fuel port geometry, the initial mass of fuel and oxygen, the combustion time, the thrust at sea level, and the time-dependent functions of regression rate, of fuel and oxygen mass rates, and of thrust. It was assumed that the regression rate formula applies at any time of combustion. These evaluations can also be applied for other fuel/oxygen couples by knowing the correct formula for the regression rate.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At this moment, there are no available accurate regression rate formulae. The actual main research includes experimental measurement techniques for the very fast oxidation processes of fuels used in hybrid combustion systems [4].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Regression Rate-Based Preliminary Engineering Design of Hybrid Rocket Combustion System

2022

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“…In order to reduce the influence of the oxygen concentration in the external environment on the combustion environment of the sample, the test ignited each sample in an N 2 environment, measured the temperature with a K-type thermocouple, and recorded the whole process with a high-speed camera. Three groups of tests were conducted for each group of samples, and the average value of the three groups of data was taken as the measurement result [17].…”

Section: Combustion Temperature Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of 5-Amino-1H-Tetrazole on Combustion Pyrolysis Characteristics and Kinetics of a Combustion Tear Gas Mixture

2022

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Taking the combustion tear gas mixture as the research object, the system formula was optimized by adding a different mass fraction of 5-amino-1H-tetrazole(5AT). TG-DSC, a thermocouple, and a laser smoke test system were used to characterize the characteristic combustion parameters such as combustion temperature and velocity, as well as the end-point effects such as smoke concentration and particle size. Starink’s method, the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method, and the Coats–Redfern method were used to evaluate the pyrolysis kinetic parameters of the samples. The results show that when the mass fraction of 5-amino-1H-tetrazole in the system is 10%, the maximum combustion temperature of the sample decreases by nearly 70 °C and the smoke concentration increases by 12.81%. The kinetic study also found that with a different mass fraction of 5-amino-1H-tetrazole in the system, the main reaction model of the mixed agent in the first, third, and fourth stages of pyrolysis changed significantly, but for the second stage of sample pyrolysis, the main reaction model (the A4 model) showed a high degree of consistency, which can be considered as the thermal diffusion stage of the tear agent capsicum oleoresin (OC) (the temperature range is 220~350 °C), which is highly consistent with the results of the TG-DSC analysis. It was also confirmed that OC’s thermal diffusion is mainly concentrated in this stage. The results of this study show that adding an appropriate amount of the combustible agent 5-amino-1H-tetrazole to the combustion tear gas mixture can improve its combustion performance and smoking performance, which provides an important, new idea for the development of a new generation of safe, efficient, and environmentally friendly tear gas mixtures.

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“…Furthermore, in addition to the large amount of energy provided by the N–N and C–N bonds, the energy stored in the ring-shaped strained structure can also be used to enhance its detonation performance. Given this background, many nitrogen-rich fused heterocyclic explosives have been developed, − including diazodinitrophenol (DDNP), ( E )-1,2-bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)ethylene (HNS), 2,5-dinitroiminooctahydroimidazo[4,5- d ]imidazole (DNII), 6-nitro-7-azido-pyrazo[3,4- d ][1,2,3]triazine-2-oxide (ICM-103), and trinitrotris(triazole)benzene. Among them, DNII is a special class of nitrogen-rich heterocyclic energetic compounds with a nonplanar ring structure, which exhibits a high positive enthalpy of formation and good thermal stability (decomposition temperature of 327 °C). , In addition, DNII has a variety of active hydrogens, and the secondary amines can be modified by various N-functionalization strategies to tune their properties, which can be used for efficient construction of novel high-energy derivatives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Energy and Insensitive Tetrazole-Substituted 2,5-Dinitroiminooctahydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole: Synthesis, Characterization, and Energetic Properties

Liu

Gao

Xing

et al. 2022

Crystal Growth & Design

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Herein, we present the synthesis and characterization of three novel energetic compounds based on 2,5dinitroiminooctahydroimidazo [4,5-d]imidazole (DNII). The tetrazole groups were linked to DNII through an ethylene bridge (3), a methylene bridge (5), or direct connection (6). These compounds were fully characterized and their detonation properties were well determined by quantum chemical calculations. Among them, compound 5 exhibited two crystal forms (U-5 and T-5) in methanol and water. Compared to U-5, T-5 increased in density, formation enthalpy, detonation velocity, and pressure by 0.04 g/cm 3 (2.3%), 0.22 kJ/g (8.1%), 0.34 km/s (4.2%), and 2.6 GPa (10.8%), respectively, owing to the tighter packing model. More importantly, with the gradual shortening of the linkages between imidazole and tetrazole, the performance of these compounds was gradually improved. Moreover, compound 6 showed the best detonation properties (D = 9.08 km/s, P = 33.1 GPa), which was better than TNT and close to HMX, while its sensitivity toward external forces (impact sensitivity (IS) = 40 J, friction sensitivity (FS) = 360 N) was much lower, making it safer. This work aims to prepare high-energy, low-sensitivity materials and hope to be helpful for the development of future energetic materials.

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Contemporary methods to measure regression rate of energetic materials: A review

Cited by 10 publications

References 67 publications

The Regression Rate-Based Preliminary Engineering Design of Hybrid Rocket Combustion System

The Regression Rate-Based Preliminary Engineering Design of Hybrid Rocket Combustion System

Effect of 5-Amino-1H-Tetrazole on Combustion Pyrolysis Characteristics and Kinetics of a Combustion Tear Gas Mixture

High-Energy and Insensitive Tetrazole-Substituted 2,5-Dinitroiminooctahydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole: Synthesis, Characterization, and Energetic Properties

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