Contemporary use of acepromazine in the anaesthetic management of male horses and ponies: A retrospective study and opinion poll

Driessen, Bernd; Zarucco, Laura; Kalir, B.; Bertolotti, Luigi

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00107.x

Cited by 32 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The higher percentage of rough recovery and more number of attempts for unassisted standing were noticed in group I animals could be attributed to the enhanced plasma half life of ketamine by xylazine premedication (Muir et al, 1977;Matthews et al, 1998;Bienert et al, 2003;Wagner et al, 2008 andSankar et al, 2010). In group II and group III the quality of recovery was smooth and mean time for recovery was longer as compare to group I which could be attributed adjunct action of the drugs (Lester et al, 2003;Muhammad et al, 2004;Mama et al, 2005;Hofmeister et al, 2010;Sankar et al, 2010;Thakur et al, 2011 andDriessen et al, 2011).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Analgesic and adjunct actions of nalbuphine hydrochloride in xylazine or xylazine and acepromazine premedicated horses

Kulkarni

William

George

et al. 2015

IJAR

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The study was conducted in eighteen clinical cases of horses for diagnostic and surgical procedures requiring general anaesthesia were randomly divided into three groups, group I, group II and group III, each consisting of six cases. All the horses were premedicated with glycopyrrolate at the dose rate of 0.02 mg/kg body weight, intravenously. Horses in Group I and Group II were administered xylazine hydrochloride at the dose rate of 1.10 mg/kg body weight intravenously, whereas in Group III at the dose rate of 0.50 mg/kg body weight intravenously. In Group III, acepromazine was injected after xylazine administration, at the dose rate of 0.02mg/kg body weight, intravenously. Before induction of anaesthesia, nalbuphine hydrochloride was administered for Group II and Group III at the dose rate of 0.75 mg/kg body weight intravenously. Ketamine hydrochloride was administered intravenously to induce anaesthesia at the dose rate of 2.20 mg/kg body weight and maintained with 0.50 mg/kg body weight in required cases to maintain for duration of 15 ± 1.04 minutes. The mean time for induction in group I, group II and group III were 1.78 ± 0.27, 1.73 ± 0.10 and 1.85 ± 0.28 minutes respectively. The mean total number of additional doses of ketamine for standard duration of 15 ± 1.04 minutes surgery required in group I, group II and group III were 5.00 ± 0.36, 1.66 ± 0.33 and 2.00 ± 0.36 respectively. The quality of induction was 100 per cent smooth in group III, 83.33 per cent smooth and 16.67 per cent rough in group II and 66.66 per cent smooth and 33.34 per cent rough in group I. The quality of analgesia in group I, group II and group III were 2.83 ± 0.47, 1.83 ± 0.30 and 1.33 ± 0.21 respectively. The quality of muscle relaxation in group I, group II and group III were 3.16 ± 0.30, 1.50 ± 0.22 and 1.33 ± 0.21 respectively. The mean time for recovery in group I, group II and group III were 23.00 ± 1.52, 33.00 ± 0.93 and 41.98 ± 1.32 minutes respectively. The mean number of attempts for unassisted standing in group I, group II and group III were 6.66 ± 0.71, 5.00 ± 0.57 and 5.00 ± 0.36 respectively. The quality of recovery was 83.33 per cent smooth and 16.67 per cent rough in group III, 66.66 per cent smooth and 33.34 per cent rough in group II and 50.00 per cent smooth and 50.00 per cent rough in group I. None of the animals in any groups showed any intra and post operative complication.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Analgesic and adjunct actions of nalbuphine hydrochloride in xylazine or xylazine and acepromazine premedicated horses

Kulkarni

William

George

et al. 2015

IJAR

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“…El prolapso persistente del pene, es decir, la incapacidad para retraer el pene hacia el prepucio, se observa con mayor frecuencia en caballos machos y es causado por el efecto prolongado de sedantes y / o anestésicos. (Driessen, 2011). Acepromacina, produce protrusión peneana; su duración y extensión están relacionadas con la dosis.…”

Section: 1-fármacos Inhalatoriosunclassified

“…Por lo tanto, los autores a menudo se refieren a la parálisis del pene, aunque este trastorno se ha asociado también con otros factores etiológicos, que incluyen agotamiento físico, enfermedades neurológicas e infecciosas, traumatismo grave o debilitamiento; independiente de la causa, si el pene flácido se mantiene caído durante muchas horas va a desarrollar un edema submucoso que progresa a parafimosis y estrangulación. (Driessen, 2011). Un estudio retrospectivo indica que puede ocurrir protrusión del pene después de la administración peri anestésica de acepromacina, pero la mayoría de las veces es de naturaleza transitoria, y rara vez dura más de 3-6 h posterior a la recuperación.…”

Section: 1-fármacos Inhalatoriosunclassified

“…Un estudio retrospectivo indica que puede ocurrir protrusión del pene después de la administración peri anestésica de acepromacina, pero la mayoría de las veces es de naturaleza transitoria, y rara vez dura más de 3-6 h posterior a la recuperación. Además, el análisis de regresión de los datos del estudio no pudo revelar ninguna asociación significativa entre el prolapso persistente del pene, la ruta y dosis o tiempo de administración de acepromazina (Driessen, 2011). 3.2.4.-Diazepam: este fármaco corresponde a una Benzodiacepina, las cuales potencian el efecto del neurotransmisor GABA sobre sus receptores ionotrópicos; la neurona se vuelve menos susceptible a los estímulos activadores (menos excitable) produciéndose un estado de inhibición neuronal (Muir y Hubbell, 2009). No está indicado su uso para procedimientos en que el paciente deba mantenerse en pie ya que genera relajación muscular y ataxia, en potrillos neonatos estas drogas deben ser administrada lentamente ya que pueden causar depresión respiratoria.…”

Section: 1-fármacos Inhalatoriosunclassified

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Anestesia inhalatoria en el equino: Características y consideraciones al momento de su uso

Marañon

Peña

Corrêa

2017

Sust. Agric. Food Env. Res.

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RESUMENLos anestésicos son fármacos potentes que no tienen un tiempo definido de uso, sin embargo, debido a las características predecibles de recuperación anestésica que poseen, y pese a que generan cambios drásticos en la función cardiovascular y respiratoria, son indispensables en medicina equina. Para lograr una anestesia balanceada combinamos el uso de diferentes fármacos intravenosos con un anestésico inhalatorio. Cual fármaco utilizar dependerá tanto del estado de salud general, como del tipo de procedimiento al que será sometido el paciente. Es por esto, que antes de someter a un paciente a anestesia, éste debe ser examinado cuidadosamente para así caracterizar su estado general. Para ello existe el sistema de clasificación ASA que permite determinar las consideraciones anestésicas y así poder disminuir los riesgos que conlleva dicho procedimiento. Es fundamental que mientras el paciente este anestesiado sea monitoreado constantemente, para así asegurar y controlar que tanto la función fisiológica, como la profundidad anestésica sean las adecuadas, lo que a su vez permitirá actuar a tiempo frente a las diversas complicaciones que se pudiesen presentar. La morbilidad y mortalidad en la anestesia equina es considerablemente mayor que en otras especies domésticas. Palabras claves: equino; anestesia inhalatoria; protocolos; complicaciones anestésicas. SUMMARYAnesthetic drugs are fundamental in surgical procedures due to their flexible time of use and predictable recovery times. However, they can generate drastic changes in the cardiovascular and respiratory function of horses. To achieve a balanced anesthesia, we use several intravenous drugs with an inhalation anesthetic. The decision of which drug to use will depend on the state of the general health, as well as the kind of procedure in which the patient will undergo. Therefore, before submitting a patient under anesthesia, we must do a complete physical exam and characterize their general state. For this purpose, there is the ASA classification system which allows to determinate the general condition of the patient and have the anesthetic considerations to lower the risk of each procedure. It is fundamental a constant monitoring of the patient while he is under anesthesia to ensure and control the physiological function and the appropriated anesthetic depth, as well as to act on time in front of the diverse complications that can present. Morbidity and mortality in equine anesthesia is considerably higher than in other domestic species.

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“…Its use in humans was quickly abandoned due to side effects and lack of efficacy [1]; however, it remains popular in veterinary medicine. In both small and large animals, it is used for motion sickness, sedation, and pre-operative anxiolysis [2][3][4]. A combination product of acepromazine and etorphine, a synthetic opioid with potency of 1,000-80,000× morphine, is commercially available and used primarily in large animals [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Acepromazine Overdose: Clinical Effects and Toxicokinetic Evaluation

Algren

Ashworth

2014

J. Med. Toxicol.

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Contemporary use of acepromazine in the anaesthetic management of male horses and ponies: A retrospective study and opinion poll

Abstract: The extremely low risk of permanent penile dysfunction (≤1 in 10,000 cases) does not justify more restricted use of acepromazine in the intact male vs. geldings and mares.

Cited by 32 publications

References 35 publications

Analgesic and adjunct actions of nalbuphine hydrochloride in xylazine or xylazine and acepromazine premedicated horses

Analgesic and adjunct actions of nalbuphine hydrochloride in xylazine or xylazine and acepromazine premedicated horses

Anestesia inhalatoria en el equino: Características y consideraciones al momento de su uso

Acute Acepromazine Overdose: Clinical Effects and Toxicokinetic Evaluation

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