Content-preserving Text Watermarking through Unicode Homoglyph Substitution

A Comparative Analysis of Information Hiding Techniques for Copyright Protection of Text Documents

“…Moreover, the authors claimed that their methods have high imperceptibility but they used two spaces with the deferent length which makes more gaps between words in the watermarked text [19]. Rizzo et al (2016) presented a text watermarking technique which is able to embed a password based watermark in the Latin-based texts. This technique blends the original text and a user password through a hash function in order to compute the watermark.…”

“…The authors claimed that this technique can hide a watermark (64 bit) into a short text with only 46 characters and, moreover, it provides high imperceptibility and high capacity. However, it is vulnerable against reformatting (e.g., changing the font type of watermarked text causes the watermark bits to be lost), tampering, and retyping attacks [29]. Due to utilizing the homoglyph Unicode characters, this method has low robustness against all the conventional attacks.…”

“…Due to utilizing the homoglyph Unicode characters, this method has low robustness against all the conventional attacks. Later on, Rizzo et al [48] utilized the same method [29] to embed a watermark string in social media platforms.…”

“…In other words, watermarking aims to protect intellectual property of digital media against unauthorized copy or access by embedding a watermark (visible or invisible) in the cove media which can remain beside the data, and it can be used whenever there is any query about the originality of media (e.g., the hidden watermark refers to the original owner) [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Over the last two decades, many information hiding techniques have been proposed in terms of text watermarking and text steganography for copyright protection [11][12][13][14], proof of ownership [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23], and copy control and authentication [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. Although the aim of steganography is different, it also can be used for the copyright protection of digital texts like watermarking.…”

Research and Implementation of Text Digital Watermarking Based on File Filter Driver

“…As regards unformatted text such as notepad and computer source code, there is no formatted information except some basic information, and unlike the format text, it is difficult to embed watermark in them,so the research on this field is little. Even some thinks that it is unachievable to embed watermark in the unformatted ducoments [9].…”