Continuous biodiesel production in a packed bed reactor from microalgae Chlorella sp. using DBSA catalyst

Jazie, Ali A.; Abed, Suhad A.; Nuhma, Mustafa Jawad; Mutar, Mohammed Ali

doi:10.1016/j.jestch.2019.08.002

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…microalgal oil using 3 wt% of H 2 SO 4 , a 2 h reaction time and a 65°C temperature. Meanwhile, Jazie et al 64 . tested a continuous bed reactor for biodiesel synthesis from microalgae Chlorella sp.…”

Section: Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Approach to microalgal biodiesel production: Insight review on recent advancements and future outlook

Yadav

Sharma

2022

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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The environmental concerns about fossil energy and rising oil prices are regular global phenomena. In such an exigency where fossil fuel sources are dwindling, carbon‐neutral biodiesel derived from microalgae lipid seems to be an important renewable energy resource. In recent years, microalgae have become a lucrative feedstock for economically viability of commercial‐scale biofuel production owing to its high biomass growth and high oil yield compared with other crops. The screening and selection of promising microalgae strain should be based on their fatty acid profile and culture conditions. The laboratory to pilot scale culture of microalgae species requires systematic experimental designs to maximize microalgal growth using open or raceway ponds, closed photo bioreactors and hybrid systems. The pros and cons of each harvesting technique, including filtration, centrifugation, sedimentation and flocculation as well cell disruption by thermal, mechanical, chemical and biological techniques, are deliberated in details. Furthermore, the application of homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzyme catalysts in transesterification processes as well as purification technologies are emphasized to ensure high‐quality biodiesel production as per ASTM norms. Microalgae comprise a potential feedstock and biodiesel synthesis from them requires a series of complex up‐streaming and down‐stream processes which are inherently disadvantageous in technology transfer from laboratory to industrial scale. This review paper is mainly focused on microalgal cultivation, harvesting, oil extraction, biodiesel production and purification technologies, and each vital process is critically reviewed in each step. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Approach to microalgal biodiesel production: Insight review on recent advancements and future outlook

Yadav

Sharma

2022

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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“…The oven was kept at 45 • C for one minute before the temperature was raised by 6 • C per minute for 40 min until it reached 300 • C. The standard mass spectrum library from the National Institute of Standards and Testing (NIST) was used to figure out what the product chemicals were. The peak area percentage of the GC-MS chromatogram, which can also be called the yield percentage, can be used to figure out the relative fraction of product chemicals [55], which was shown to be Equation (1). Equation (2) [56] and the same method described by Katikaneni et al were used to figure out the percentage of algal HO that was converted [57].…”

Section: Product Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The global research on alternative and sustainable energy sources has been sparked by the fact that fossil fuels are running out and that too much carbon dioxide is being released into the atmosphere [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Using petroleum derivatives made from fossil crude oil pollutes the environment by releasing greenhouse gases, which cause serious environmental problems related to global warming [7][8][9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bimetallic Lanthanum-Cerium-Loaded HZSM-5 Composite for Catalytic Deoxygenation of Microalgae-Hydrolyzed Oil into Green Hydrocarbon Fuels

et al. 2022

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Due to their high lipid content, microalgae are one of the most significant sources of green hydrocarbons, which might help lessen the world’s need for fossil fuels. Many zeolite-based catalysts are quickly deactivated by coke production and have a short lifetime. In this study, a bimetallic Lanthanum-Cerium (La-Ce)-modified HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst was synthesized through an impregnation method and was tested for the conversion of hydrolyzed oil into oxygen-free hydrocarbon fuels of high energy content. Initially, hydrolyzed oil (HO), the byproduct of the transesterification process, was obtained by the reaction of crude oil derived from Chlorella vulgaris microalgae and a methanol. Various catalysts were produced, screened, and evaluated for their ability to convert algal HO into hydrocarbons and other valuable compounds in a batch reactor. The performance of HZSM-5 was systematically tested in view of La-Ce loaded on conversion, yield, and selectivity. NH3-TPD analysis showed that the total acidity of the La-Ce-modified zeolites was lower than that of the pure HZSM-5 catalyst. TGA testing revealed that including the rare earth elements La and Ce in the HZSM-5 catalyst lowered the catalyst propensity for producing coke deposits. The acid sites necessary for algal HO conversion were improved by putting La and Ce into HZSM-5 zeolite at various loading percentages. The maximum hydrocarbon yield (42.963%), the highest HHV (34.362 MJ/Kg), and the highest DOD% (62.191%) were all achieved by the (7.5%La-2.5%Ce)/HZSM-5 catalyst, which was synthesized in this work. For comparison, the hydrocarbon yield for the parent HZSM-5 was 21.838%, the HHV was (33.230 MJ/Kg), and the DOD% was 44.235%. In conclusion, La and Ce-loading on the parent HZSM-5 may be responsible for the observed alterations in textural properties; nevertheless, there is no clear correlation between the physical features and the hydrocarbon yield (%). The principal effect of La and Ce modifying the parent HZSM-5 zeolite was to modify the acidic sites needed to enhance the conversion (%) of the algal HO during the catalytic deoxygenation process, which in turn raised the hydrocarbon yield (%) and increased the HHV and DOD%.

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“…Global research on alternate and sustainable energy sources has been sparked by the limited reserves of fossil fuels and global warming caused by excessive carbon dioxide emissions [ 1 ]. The usage of petroleum derivatives derived from fossil crude oil pollutes the environment by emitting greenhouse gases, which leads to serious environmental issues related to global warming [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic Deoxygenation of Hydrolyzed Oil of Chlorella Vulgaris Microalgae over Lanthanum-Embedded HZSM-5 Zeolite Catalyst to Produce Bio-Fuels

et al. 2022

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Microalgae is one of the most important sources of green hydrocarbons because it contains a high percentage of lipids and is likely to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Several zeolite-based catalysts have a short lifetime due to coke-formation deactivation. In this study, a lanthanum-modified HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst for the conversion of crude oil into non-oxygenated compounds (hydrocarbons) and oxygenated compounds has been investigated. The crude oil of Chlorella Vulgaris microalgae was extracted using Soxhlet and converted into hydrolyzed oil (HO) through a transesterification reaction. The experiments were conducted in a batch reactor (300 °C, 1000 rpm, 7 bar of N2, the catalyst to the algal HO ratio of 15% (wt.%) and 6 h). The results were organized into three groups: product yield, chemical composition, and carbon number distribution. The liquid products were investigated, including their elemental composition, higher heating value (HHV), atomic ratios of O/C and H/C, and degree of deoxygenation (DOD%). The loading of lanthanum into HZSM-5 zeolite with different loading percentages enhanced the acid sites needed for the algal HO conversion. Among all the synthesized catalysts, 10%La/HZSM-5 produced the highest conversion of the algal HO, the highest yield of hydrocarbons, the highest HHV, and the highest DOD%; those were 100%, 36.88%, 34.16 MJ/kg, and 56.11%, respectively. The enhanced catalytic conversion was due to the presence of lanthanum, which alters the active sites for the desired reactions of catalytic deoxygenation. The main effect of the modification of the parent HZSM-5 zeolite with lanthanum led to adjusting the acidic sites needed to increase the conversion (%) of the algal HO in the catalytic deoxygenation process and thus increase the hydrocarbon yield (%), which in turn led to an increase in the HHV and DOD%. The proposed La-based zeolite composite is promising for different energy applications due to its unique benefits compared to other expensive and less-stable catalysts.

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Continuous biodiesel production in a packed bed reactor from microalgae Chlorella sp. using DBSA catalyst

Cited by 12 publications

References 31 publications

Approach to microalgal biodiesel production: Insight review on recent advancements and future outlook

Approach to microalgal biodiesel production: Insight review on recent advancements and future outlook

Bimetallic Lanthanum-Cerium-Loaded HZSM-5 Composite for Catalytic Deoxygenation of Microalgae-Hydrolyzed Oil into Green Hydrocarbon Fuels

Catalytic Deoxygenation of Hydrolyzed Oil of Chlorella Vulgaris Microalgae over Lanthanum-Embedded HZSM-5 Zeolite Catalyst to Produce Bio-Fuels

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