“…These membranes are available in various materials that allow sample concentration by large-volume filtration, promoting the target analyte uptake and, consequently, easier detection by SERS ( Xu et al, 2021b ). The lightweight and flexibility of membrane SERS substrates can also be combined with portable Raman spectrometers and smartphones, providing on-site detection ( Gao et al, 2016 ; Guo et al, 2019 ; Sun et al, 2021 ). Several filtering membranes have been used as SERS substrates, such as cellulose (paper) ( Lee et al, 2010 ; Moram et al, 2018 ; Wu et al, 2018 ; Jiao et al, 2022 ), polyamide (PA) ( Yu and White, 2012 ; Shi et al, 2014 ; Fateixa et al, 2018a ; Yu et al, 2021 ), PVDF ( Yu and White, 2012 ; Gao et al, 2016 ; Guo et al, 2019 ; Sun et al, 2021 ), and derived polymer-based composites ( Fateixa et al, 2018b ; Ankudze et al, 2019 ; Ye et al, 2020 ).…”