“…Land use and cover change (Cheng et al., 2022), population density (Cropper & Griffiths, 1994), and nighttime light (Cai et al., 2021) are usually used as proxy variables for human activities; also some scholars constructed a comprehensive index named human footprint (Li, Wu, Gong, et al., 2018; Venter et al., 2016). The methods used to analyze the complex relationship between human and nature include network approach (Kluger et al., 2020), system dynamics (Reed et al., 2022; Yoon et al., 2021), coupling coordination analysis (Jiang et al., 2022; Shi, Feng, et al., 2022), complex system theory (Bennett & McGinnis, 2008; Wang & Grant, 2021), environmental Kuznets curve model (Zhou et al., 2015), metacoupling framework (Liu, 2017), supply‐demand balance analysis (Liu, Xing, et al., 2022), questionnaires (Allison et al., 2021; Liu, Zhang, et al., 2020), and qualitative analysis (Ives et al., 2017). These methods advance the research of complex human‐natural systems from different perspectives, but face substantial constraints at fine grid scales.…”