Contrasted Epidemiological Patterns of West Nile Virus Lineages 1 and 2 Infections in France from 2015 to 2019

Beck, Cécile; Goffart, Isabelle Leparc; Franke, Florian; Gonzalez, Gaëlle; Dumarest, Marine; Lowenski, Steeve; Blanchard, Yannick; Lucas, Pierrick; Lamballerie, Xavier de; Grard, Gilda; Durand, Guillaume; Zientara, Stéphan; Tapprest, Jackie; L’Ambert, Grégory; Durand, Benoı̂t; Desvaux, Stéphanie; Lecollinet, Sylvie

doi:10.3390/pathogens9110908

Cited by 33 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Arboviruses are emerging pathogens on the European continent and, more generally worldwide, although they are already well established in various regions, particularly in Africa and Latin America. Among arboviruses, several flaviviruses (Flaviviridae family), e.g West Nile (WNV), Usutu (USUV), tick born encephalitis virus (TBEV), and Meaban (MEAV) viruses are the main flaviviruses that have been known to circulate in France [1][2][3][4]. WNV and USUV belong to the Japanese encephalitis (JEV) serocomplex in the Flavivirus genus and share many common features [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of Exposure to USUV and WNV in Zoo Animals in France

et al. 2020

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West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are zoonotic arboviruses. These flaviviruses are mainly maintained in the environment through an enzootic cycle involving mosquitoes and birds. Horses and humans are incidental, dead-end hosts, but can develop severe neurological disorders. Nevertheless, there is little data regarding the involvement of other mammals in the epidemiology of these arboviruses. In this study, we performed a serosurvey to assess exposure to these viruses in captive birds and mammals in a zoo situated in the south of France, an area described for the circulation of these two viruses. A total of 411 samples comprising of 70 species were collected over 16 years from 2003 to 2019. The samples were first tested by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The positive sera were then tested using virus-specific microneutralization tests against USUV and WNV. USUV seroprevalence in birds was 10 times higher than that of WNV (14.59% versus 1.46%, respectively). Among birds, greater rhea (Rhea Americana) and common peafowl (Pavo cristatus) exhibited the highest USUV seroprevalence. Infections occurred mainly between 2016–2018 corresponding to a period of high circulation of these viruses in Europe. In mammalian species, antibodies against WNV were detected in one dama gazelle (Nanger dama) whereas serological evidence of USUV infection was observed in several Canidae, especially in African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). Our study helps to better understand the exposure of captive species to WNV and USUV and to identify potential host species to include in surveillance programs in zoos.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of Exposure to USUV and WNV in Zoo Animals in France

et al. 2020

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“…We succeeded at sequencing a 341 bp WNV genomic region (GenBank accession number OK489805) located on the envelope gene on one excreta sample that was tested positive by RT-qPCR with the lowest Ct (sample F 2020/09/15). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the WNV identified in our study belonged to lineage 1 and was closely genetically related to a WNV isolated on a symptomatic horse the 3 rd of October 2015 13 (GenBank accession number MT863559) (Figure 3 A). Our WNV small genomic section diverged from the 2015 WNV (GenBank accession number MT863559) by 5 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and from a WNV isolated in Spain on a horse in 2010 14 (GenBank accession number JF719069) by 4 SNP (Figure 3 B).…”

Section: Virus Screening In Mosquito Excretamentioning

confidence: 75%

Mosquito excreta reveals circulation of West Nile virus and its underlying ecosystem

Ambert¹,

Gendrot

Briolant

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Emerging and endemic mosquito-borne viruses can be difficult to detect and monitor because they often cause asymptomatic infections in human or vertebrate animals or cause nonspecific febrile illness with a short recovery waiting period. Cases′ detection in vertebrate hosts can be complemented by entomological surveillance, but this method is not adapted to low infection rates in mosquito populations that typically occur in low or non-endemic areas. We identified West Nile Virus circulation in Camargue, a wetland area in South of France, using a cost effective innovative xenomonitoring method based on the molecular detection of virus in excreta from trapped mosquitoes. We also succeeded at identifying the mosquito community diversity dynamic on several sampling sites, together with the vertebrate hosts on which they fed prior to be captured using amplicon-based metagenomic on mosquito excreta without processing any mosquito. Mosquito excreta-based virus surveillance can be considered as a cost-effective and non-invasive strategy that offers the additional asset to reveal the ecological network underlying arbovirus circulation.

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“…One of the largest outbreaks was reported in Romania in 1996 and 1997, with more than 500 clinical cases in humans with almost 10% mortality [ 12 ]. Since 2015, annual WNV outbreaks of varying intensities in wild animals have been reported in France [ 13 ]. In 2018, a dramatic increase in WNV infections in people and animals was reported across Europe, with the most cases in Italy, Serbia, and Greece [ 14 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Europe, there were 2083 cases of WNV outbreaks in humans and 285 outbreaks among equids from 1999 to 2019 [ 14 ]. Initially, WNV lineage 1 was identified as a cause of human outbreaks across Europe, whereas WNV lineage 2 was introduced in Europe later, in 2004, and then dispersed to eastern Austria and other European countries as a major prevalent strain [ 13 ]. In 2018, WNV lineage 2 appeared in southeastern Europe.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Sentinel Serological Study in Selected Zoo Animals to Assess Early Detection of West Nile and Usutu Virus Circulation in Slovenia

Kvapil

Račnik

Kastelic³

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Monitoring infectious diseases is a crucial part of preventive veterinary medicine in zoological collections. This zoo environment contains a great variety of animal species that are in contact with wildlife species as a potential source of infectious diseases. Wild birds may be a source of West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu (USUV) virus, which are both emerging pathogens of rising concern. The aim of this study was to use zoo animals as sentinels for the early detection of WNV and USUV in Slovenia. In total, 501 sera from 261 animals of 84 animal species (including birds, rodents, lagomorphs, carnivores, ungulates, reptiles, equids, and primates) collected for 17 years (2002–2018) were tested for antibodies to WNV and USUV. Antibodies to WNV were detected by indirect immunofluorescence tests in 16 (6.1%) of 261 animals representing 10 species, which were sampled prior to the first active cases of WNV described in 2018 in Slovenia in humans, a horse, and a hooded crow (Corvus cornix). Antibodies to USUV were detected in 14 out of 261 animals tested (5.4%) that were positive prior to the first positive cases of USUV infection in common blackbirds (Turdus merula) in Slovenia. The study illustrates the value of zoological collections as a predictor of future emerging diseases.

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Contrasted Epidemiological Patterns of West Nile Virus Lineages 1 and 2 Infections in France from 2015 to 2019

Cited by 33 publications

References 65 publications

Evidence of Exposure to USUV and WNV in Zoo Animals in France

Evidence of Exposure to USUV and WNV in Zoo Animals in France

Mosquito excreta reveals circulation of West Nile virus and its underlying ecosystem

A Sentinel Serological Study in Selected Zoo Animals to Assess Early Detection of West Nile and Usutu Virus Circulation in Slovenia

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