“…AI uses various algorithms for machine learning and deep learning, including support vector machine (SVM), Bayesian network, artificial neural networks (ANNs), random forest (RF), convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and more (Santos et al, 2021;Yang et al, 2022). Over recent decades, AI has made significant breakthroughs in various fields, such as finance (Ahmed et al, 2022), traffic (Shaygan et al, 2022), electrical automation (Sami, 2022), medical care (Yahyaoui et al, 2023), biomedical research and others (Diakiw et al, 2022). Notably, the application of AI in TCM industry has become increasingly prevalent in recent years.…”