Contribution of Regulatory T Cells in Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain 2 Response to Influenza Virus Infection

Abstract

Influenza A virus (IAV) is recognized to cause severe pulmonary illnesses in humans, particularly in elderly and children. One of the features associated with IAV infection is an excessive lung inflammation due to an uncontrolled immune response. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) receptor is known to recognize ssRNA viruses such as IAV, but its role in the inflammatory process during viral infections remains to be clarified. In a previous report, we have shown that activation of NOD2 with muramyl dipeptide (MDP) significantly reduces both viral loads and lung inflammation and also improves pulmonary function during IAV infection. These findings prompted us to further investigate whether NOD2 receptor may contribute to regulate inflammation during viral infection. In the present study, we show that administration of MDP to mice infected with IAV stimulates the migration of regulatory T (Treg) cells to the lungs. Such a presence of Treg cells was also accompanied with a reduction of neutrophils in the lungs during IAV infection, which correlated, with a significant decrease of Th17 cells. In our model, Treg cell recruitment is dependent of CXCL12 and CCL5 chemokines. Moreover, we show that the presence of Ly6Clow patrolling monocytes is required for Treg cells mobilization to the lung of mice treated with MDP. In fact, following monocyte depletion by administration of clodronate liposome, mobilization of Treg cells to the lungs of treated mice was found to occur when circulating Ly6Clow monocytes begin to reemerge. In addition, we also detected an increased production of TGF-β, a cytokine contributing to Treg activity when blood Ly6Clow monocytes are restored. Together, our results demonstrate that MDP treatment can promote an anti-inflammatory environment through the mobilization of Treg cells to the lung, a mechanism that requires the presence of Ly6Clow monocytes during IAV infection. Overall, our results suggest that activation of NOD2 receptor could be an appealing approach to control pulmonary inflammation in patients infected with IAV.

Implications of Sex Differences in Immunity for SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Design of Therapeutic Interventions

“…Amphiregulin produced by ILC2s is a member of the epidermal growth factor family and promotes tissue repair ( Figure 1 ), resulting in improved barrier integrity and lung function in influenza-infected mice ( Monticelli et al., 2011 ). Amphiregulin is also produced by Treg cells and, together with IL-10 and transforming growth factor β, allows Treg cells to promote tissue repair ( Forbes and Rosenthal, 2014 ; Zaiss et al., 2006 ) Treg cells have been described to ameliorate severe complications in influenza infection in mice ( Egarnes and Gosselin, 2018 ; Moser et al., 2014 ; Oliphant et al., 2015 ). These data suggest that immune cell profiles in women are skewed toward tissue repair responses compared to men ( Figure 1 ), potentially contributing to reduced COVID-19-associated morbidity.…”

Addition of probiotics to antibiotics improves the clinical course of pneumonia in young people without comorbidities: a randomized controlled trial

“…On the other hand, another study demonstrated that a virus infection activates Tregs 35 . In influenza A virus infection characterized by lung inflammation, muramyl dipeptide significantly reduces both the viral load and lung inflammation as well as improves pulmonary function by increasing Tregs and diminished Th17 levels 36 . A previous study reported an increase in the Th17 cell/Treg ratio in patients with early ARDS, and a higher Th17 cell/Treg ratio was associated with a poorer prognosis, with a cutoff value of 0.79 21 .…”

T cells and their function in the immune response to viruses

“…Tregs can control immune balance during viral infection and prevent tissue damage (Moser et al, 2014). The presence of Treg cells in lungs of IAV infected mice resulted in decrease of Th17 cells, infiltrated neutrophils, and lung inflammation (Egarnes and Gosselin, 2018). mTregs persist in host long time after primary IAV infection.…”