Control the activity of Rift Valley Fever Virus by Electric Field waves at resonance frequency (In vivo &amp;In vitro) studies

The first uses of nanotechnology were incidental, like in the cases of the first human-made nanostructures dating back to 600 BC when coatings of carbon nanotubes were made in ancient pottery shards or the famous 4th-century Lycurgus cup. Now, we carefully design functional nanostructures. These designs are often bio-inspired or composed of bio-parts. We are aiming to create life-like systems. The conflict will remain in defining the stage when such systems could be considered living. A similar dilemma is persistent in the realm of viruses, which are considered living or not, depending on the perception. This chapter describes the mutual relation between nanotechnology and bacteriophages (phages for short). Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria and use bacterial cellular machinery to replicate. Phages are often seen as bio-nanomaterials with high specificity, uniform structure, and easy replication. Over the years, phages and nanomaterials have been helpful to each other in enhancing their applications. In different approaches, nano-phage particles work in synergy to derive better results. This chapter is divided into two major sections: ‘bacteriophages for nanotechnology’ and ‘nanotechnology for bacteriophages’.

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Application of Bacteriophages in Nanotechnology

Paczesny

Bielec

2020

Nanomaterials

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Bacteriophages (phages for short) are viruses, which have bacteria as hosts. The single phage body virion, is a colloidal particle, often possessing a dipole moment. As such, phages were used as perfectly monodisperse systems to study various physicochemical phenomena (e.g., transport or sedimentation in complex fluids), or in the material science (e.g., as scaffolds). Nevertheless, phages also execute the life cycle to multiply and produce progeny virions. Upon completion of the life cycle of phages, the host cells are usually destroyed. Natural abilities to bind to and kill bacteria were a starting point for utilizing phages in phage therapies (i.e., medical treatments that use phages to fight bacterial infections) and for bacteria detection. Numerous applications of phages became possible thanks to phage display—a method connecting the phenotype and genotype, which allows for selecting specific peptides or proteins with affinity to a given target. Here, we review the application of bacteriophages in nanoscience, emphasizing bio-related applications, material science, soft matter research, and physical chemistry.

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Control the activity of Rift Valley Fever Virus by Electric Field waves at resonance frequency (In vivo &In vitro) studies

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References 41 publications

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