Controlled Ice Nucleation Using ControLyo® Pressurization-Depressurization Method

Rapid Depressurization Based Controlled Ice Nucleation in Pharmaceutical Freeze-drying: The Roles of the Ballast Gas and the Vial

“…The exact mechanism inducing primary ice nucleation using this technique has yet to be determined. However, current popular theories include gas bubble formation, accelerated supercooling, ice cloud formation, 26 cooling due to evaporation at the liquid interface, 27 and a combination of mechanical and acoustic shock. 14 The advent of Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) coupled with recent advances in wireless sensor networks have made the spatially and temporally resolved measurements of gas pressure and temperature possible.…”

Design of Vacuum-Induced Freezing Protocols for High Fill Volume Formulations in Freeze-Drying: A Strategic Approach

“…10 CN technologies available in the freeze-drying industry rely on three different technical concepts. 10 The reader is referred to the literature for technologies based on the ice fog 11,12 or depressurization 13,14 approaches. During vacuum-induced surface freezing, the chamber pressure is reduced below the vapor pressure of water at the target T s .…”