“…The ideal photoanode has a large surface area, high dye absorption, fast electron transfer rate, and suppressed electron recombination. TiO 2 [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ], SnO 2 [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ], and ZnO [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ] are used as photoanodes. In general, TiO 2 is used as a photoanode because it has an appropriate energy band gap, a large specific surface area, stable dye adsorption, and acts as a scattering layer leading to enhanced light harvesting.…”