Controlled zwitterionic copolymerization of cyclic ketene acetal with methyl .alpha.-cyanoacrylate in the presence of quaternary ammonium salts

Radical Ring-Opening Polymerization: Scope, Limitations, and Application to (Bio)Degradable Materials

“…methyl -cyanoacrylate, [254][255] MMA, 255 AN, 255 etc.). They reported the preparation of copolymers via a pure zwitterionic mechanism.…”

“…228 A similar interaction was already described by Cho and co-workers between CKA11 and AN also leading to limited ring-opening (7−10%). 246 In the eighties, Endo and co-workers investigated the spontaneous copolymerization of CKA (MDP/MDO CKA27 and MPDO/MPDL CKA11) with various electrophilic compounds (heterocumulenes such as CS 2 , 251 cyanoallene, 252 βpropiolactone, 253 and vinyl monomers, for example, methyl αcyanoacrylate, 254,255 MMA, 255 AN, 255 etc.). They reported the preparation of copolymers via a pure zwitterionic mechanism.…”

Macromolecular chemistry and physics 1994

“…[12] An improved reaction control and tuning of the properties of polypropylene in large scale processes can be achieved through the variation of the ligands of the metallocene complexes, [13] or through the use of cycloolefins in combination with 1-olefins where transparent copolymers with a combination of properties are obtained. [16] Copolymers with an alternating structure and interesting properties, based on the copolymerization of electrondonor and electron-acceptor comonomers, have been produced by influencing the copolymerization using Bronsted acids (in addition to the well known Lewis acids) as the complexing agent for example for acrylic comonomers. A multifunctional copolymer of the isocyanate type results from the copolymerization of 2-propenyl isocyanate and maleic anhydride; the radical polymerization proceeds through a charge-transfer complex of the comonomers.…”

A paradigm for the mechanisms and products of spontaneous polymerizations

“…Despite the substantial proportion of ring opening, all of these reactions were assigned a zwitterionic mechanism. An interesting variant in this case was the use of tetraalkylammonium bromide; this additive moderated the reactivity of the anionic end, giving alternating copolymer by combination of the zwitterionic intermediates 61…”