Controlling Air Pollution from Straw Burning in China Calls for Efficient Recycling

Qu, Changsheng; Li, Bing; Wu, Haisuo; Giesy, John P.

doi:10.1021/es302666s

Cited by 104 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…In our study, the potassium concentration showed the higher concentrations in June, which are in good agreement with the wheat harvest season in North China Plain (Qu et al, 2012). A previous study mentioned that the field open burning of wheat straws in the North China Plain during May-June 2006 influenced urban areas such as Beijing (Li et al, 2007).…”

Section: Monthly Variations Of Chemical Components In Pm 25supporting

confidence: 87%

Chemical Composition of PM2.5 Based on Two-Year Measurements at an Urban Site in Beijing

Sun

Zhang

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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In this study, the daily PM 2.5 atmospheric aerosols were collected on quartz and PTFE filters simultaneously from -displayed the highest in December and the lowest in July, which is related to the coal-combustion emission from heating. Three groups with high, medium and low PM 2.5 concentrations were categorized. SO 4 2-, NO 3 -, OC and NH 4 + accounted for 24%, 20%, 21% and 11% of sum of defined components in the high concentration days. In the medium and low concentrations, OC occupied large fractions of defined components. Mass closure was obtained for PTFE, but not for quartz. The PM 2.5 mass concentrations on quartz filters were about 50 µg m -3 higher than that on PTFE. The concentrations of water soluble ions on quartz filters were about 60-70% of that on PTFE filters. About 15-30% of PM 2.5 was considered as the contribution of water vapor, the artifact of water vapor on quartz filter should be noted in later research works. PM 2.5 displayed neutral during the year of 2008 and appeared acidic at the next year according to the calculation of cations/anion, concentration of hydrogen and acidic purity. Carbonaceous aerosols occupied same fractions in neutral and acidic aerosols. While sulfate and nitrate contributed 32% and 21% to PM 2.5 for acidic aerosols, and 22%, 17% of PM 2.5 from sulfate and nitrate for neutral aerosols.

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Section: Monthly Variations Of Chemical Components In Pm 25supporting

confidence: 87%

Chemical Composition of PM2.5 Based on Two-Year Measurements at an Urban Site in Beijing

Sun

Zhang

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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“…harzianum T S1 is effective at killing plant pathogens and acts as a biological pesticide (Gveroska and Ziberoski, 2011), but its application has been limited by its high cost of production and use (Hassan et al, 2009). Agricultural straw waste is typically disposed of by burning, which wastes resources and causes environmental pollution (Qu et al, 2012). The use of straw in the solid-state fermentation of T. harzianum T S1 is an effective use of this resource.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of solid-state fermentation conditions for Trichoderma harzianum using an orthogonal test

Zhang¹,

Yang²

2015

Genet. Mol. Res.

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ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to develop a protocol for the production of fungal bio-pesticides with high efficiency, low cost, and non-polluting fermentation, while also increasing their survival rate under field conditions. This is the first study to develop biocontrol Trichoderma harzianum transformants T S1 that are resistant to benzimidazole fungicides. Agricultural corn stover and wheat bran waste were used as a medium and inducing carbon source for solid fermentation. Spore production was observed, and the method was optimized using single-factor tests with 4 factors at 3 levels in an orthogonal experimental design to determine the optimal culture conditions for T. harzianum T S1 . In this step, we determined the best conditions for fermenting the biocontrol fungi. The optimal culture conditions for T. harzianum T S1 were cultivated for 8 days, a ratio of straw to wheat bran of 1:3, ammonium persulfate as the nitrogen source, and a water content of 30 mL. Under optimal culture conditions, the sporulation of T. harzianum T S1 reached 1.49 x 10 10 CFU/g, which was 1.46-fold higher than that achieved before optimization. Increased sporulation of T. harzianum T S1 results in better utilization of space and 1771-1781 (2015) nutrients to achieve control of plant pathogens. This method allows for the recycling of agricultural waste straw.

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“…Moreover, other specific activities like setting off fireworks during the Spring Festival (Wang et al 2007;Zhang et al 2010) and open straw burning over the harvest season (Cheng et al 2013b;Li et al 2014;Qu et al 2012) may also aggravate pollution concentrations in some periods, especially in winter. Wide varieties of air pollution sources are likely to increase the difficulties to build LUR models.…”

Section: Responsible Editor: Gerhard Lammelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applying land use regression model to estimate spatial variation of PM2.5 in Beijing, China

Peng

et al. 2014

Environ Sci Pollut Res

133

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Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) is the major air pollutant in Beijing, posing serious threats to human health. Land use regression (LUR) has been widely used in predicting spatiotemporal variation of ambient air-pollutant concentrations, though restricted to the European and North American context. We aimed to estimate spatiotemporal variations of PM 2.5 by building separate LUR models in Beijing. Hourly routine PM 2.5 measurements were collected at 35 sites from 4th March 2013 to 5th March 2014. Seventy-seven predictor variables were generated in GIS, including street network, land cover, population density, catering services distribution, bus stop density, intersection density, and others. Eight LUR models were developed on annual, seasonal, peak/non-peak, and incremental concentration subsets. The annual mean concentration across all sites is 90.7 μg/m 3 (SD=13.7). PM 2.5 shows more temporal variation than spatial variation, indicating the necessity of building different models to capture spatiotemporal trends. The adjusted R 2 of these models range between 0.43 and 0.65. Most LUR models are driven by significant predictors including major road length, vegetation, and water land use. Annual outdoor exposure in Beijing is as high as 96.5 μg/m 3 . This is among the first LUR studies implemented in a seriously air-polluted Chinese context, which generally produce acceptable results and reliable spatial air-pollution maps. Apart from the models for winter and incremental concentration, LUR models are driven by similar variables, suggesting that the spatial variations of PM 2.5 remain steady for most of the time. Temporal variations are explained by the intercepts, and spatial variations in the measurements determine the strength of variable coefficients in our models.

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Controlling Air Pollution from Straw Burning in China Calls for Efficient Recycling

Cited by 104 publications

References 4 publications

Chemical Composition of PM2.5 Based on Two-Year Measurements at an Urban Site in Beijing

Chemical Composition of PM2.5 Based on Two-Year Measurements at an Urban Site in Beijing

Optimization of solid-state fermentation conditions for Trichoderma harzianum using an orthogonal test

Applying land use regression model to estimate spatial variation of PM2.5 in Beijing, China

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