Convenient synthesis, characterization and surface active properties of novel cationic gemini surfactants with carbonate linkage based on C 12 C 18 sat./unsat. fatty acids

Abstract

Convenient synthesis, characterization and surface active properties of novel cationic gemini surfactants with carbonate linkage based on C 12 C 18 sat./unsat. fatty acids

The Discrepancy of Fatty Acid Composition of Astaxanthin Esters and Total Fatty Acids in Photoautotrophic and Heterotrophic Chlorella zofingiensis

“…b, the most abundant FA in mono‐AE were 16:0 (59.97%) and 18:0 (40.03%) in photoautotrophic cells. Because the fatty acid obtained under this condition did not possess double bonds (i.e., 16:0 and 18:0 only), it would be very useful as a feedstock for surfactant synthesis (Tripathy and Mishra, ). Interestingly, under heterotrophic conditions fed with 30 g L −1 glucose, the percentage of 18:1 in FA in mono‐AE also increased remarkably from 0% to 14.84%.…”

Gemini Imidazolinium Surfactants: A Versatile Class of Molecules

“…The microwave synthesized the surfactant in 5-10 minutes with a better yield of 80-91% as compared to conventional method i.e. thermal condensation which produced 75-80% [19][20][21][22]. The comparative study has also been done by Jianbin Huang on gemini and Bola, and the role of cephalic groups was found to be important as they alter their properties.…”

“…Tripathy et al (2016) synthesized gemini imidazoline by the reaction of monomeric imidazoline and di iodoalkyl carbonated under microwave irradiation. Synthesis of di (iodoethyl) carbonate as quaternizing has been achieved by mixing the iodo alkanol and diphenyl carbonate (1:2 molar ratio) acted as carbonate exchange reaction in acetone at room temperature [22]. The resultant product was recrystallized by adding ethyl acetate and acetone (50:50) in it.…”

“…Gemini imidazoline surfactantcontaining stearic acid solution increased in the concentration from 0.1813 to 0.3626 g/l whereas the surface tension decreased from 42.8 to 28.6 mN/m. Again, the process repeated, the concentration of surfactant increased up to 0.6250 g/l leads to a decrease in the surface tension to 27.6 mN/m and a final increase in the concentration to 1.25 g/l and 2.5 g/l but the surface tension remained unchanged [22].…”

“…In the same study, the CMC values of 1% aqueous solution of gemini surfactants were found in the range from 0.0016 to 0.0032 mol/l that depends on the alkyl chain length (Figure 8). Greater the chain length of hydrophobic alkyl moiety, greater the CMC values of surfactant solutions [22].…”