Conventional and Unconventional Antimicrobials from Fish, Marine Invertebrates and Micro-algae

Smith, Valerie J.; Desbois, Andrew P.; Dyrynda, Elisabeth A.

doi:10.3390/md8041213

Cited by 220 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 271 publications

(430 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

107

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…24,25 The specific amino acid-enriched peptides from marine species include the proline-rich, [26][27][28] arginine-rich 29,30 and glycine-rich. 31 Hyastatin, an 11.7 kDa glycine-rich (11.6%, 15 glycines in 129 total residues) peptide from the spider crab hemocytes, 31 possesses activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification, synthesis and characterization of a novel antimicrobial peptide HKPLP derived from Hippocampus kuda Bleeker

Sun

Jing

et al. 2012

J Antibiot

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A novel gene encoding 55 amino-acid residues has been identified from the brooding pouch cDNA library of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker. The deduced amino-acid sequence is highly homologous to several pleurocidin-like peptides from the winter flounder and comprises a signal peptide, a pro-peptide and a mature peptide. The glycine-rich mature peptide, designated HKPLP, contains 24 amino-acid residues and has been synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis. The purified HKPLP exhibits antimicrobial activity against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains at low concentrations (MIC 1.5-7.5 lM). Thermal stability assay data show good heat stability. CD spectroscopy experiments indicate that the dominant contents are anti-parallel and parallel sheets, which may have b-sheet or b-strand motif. It is inferred that HKPLP participates in the host defense during egg fertilization and embryo development as an antimicrobial peptide in brooding pouch.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification, synthesis and characterization of a novel antimicrobial peptide HKPLP derived from Hippocampus kuda Bleeker

Sun

Jing

et al. 2012

J Antibiot

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The WFDC domain itself is of ancient origin, being a component in secreted proteins involved in the regulation of shell mineralization in mollusks such as abalone (Treccani et al, 2006), and in antimicrobial response as part of the innate immunity of crustaceans and perhaps insects (Zou et al, 2007;Jia et al, 2008;Smith et al, 2010b). A number of WFDC domain-containing proteins are also secreted by snake venom glands, where they have antibacterial function (Nair et al, 2007;Fry et al, 2008), and by skin glands in frogs, where they serve as antimicrobial defensive compounds (Ali et al, 2002;Zhang et al, 2009).…”

Section: Evolution Of Milk Secretionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution of milk secretion and its ancient origins

Oftedal

2012

Animal

203

142

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Lactation represents an important element of the life history strategies of all mammals, whether monotreme, marsupial, or eutherian. Milk originated as a glandular skin secretion in synapsids (the lineage ancestral to mammals), perhaps as early as the Pennsylvanian period, that is, approximately 310 million years ago (mya). Early synapsids laid eggs with parchment-like shells intolerant of desiccation and apparently dependent on glandular skin secretions for moisture. Mammary glands probably evolved from apocrine-like glands that combined multiple modes of secretion and developed in association with hair follicles. Comparative analyses of the evolutionary origin of milk constituents support a scenario in which these secretions evolved into a nutrient-rich milk long before mammals arose. A variety of antimicrobial and secretory constituents were co-opted into novel roles related to nutrition of the young. Secretory calcium-binding phosphoproteins may originally have had a role in calcium delivery to eggs; however, by evolving into large, complex casein micelles, they took on an important role in transport of amino acids, calcium and phosphorus. Several proteins involved in immunity, including an ancestral butyrophilin and xanthine oxidoreductase, were incorporated into a novel membrane-bound lipid droplet (the milk fat globule) that became a primary mode of energy transfer. An ancestral c-lysozyme lost its lytic functions in favor of a role as a-lactalbumin, which modifies a galactosyltransferase to recognize glucose as an acceptor, leading to the synthesis of novel milk sugars, of which free oligosaccharides may have predated free lactose. An ancestral lipocalin and an ancestral whey acidic protein four-disulphide core protein apparently lost their original transport and antimicrobial functions when they became the whey proteins b-lactoglobulin and whey acidic protein, which with a-lactalbumin provide limiting sulfur amino acids to the young. By the late Triassic period (ca 210 mya), mammaliaforms (mammalian ancestors) were endothermic (requiring fluid to replace incubatory water losses of eggs), very small in size (making large eggs impossible), and had rapid growth and limited tooth replacement (indicating delayed onset of feeding and reliance on milk). Thus, milk had already supplanted egg yolk as the primary nutrient source, and by the Jurassic period (ca 170 mya) vitellogenin genes were being lost. All primary milk constituents evolved before the appearance of mammals, and some constituents may have origins that predate the split of the synapsids from sauropsids (the lineage leading to 'reptiles' and birds). Thus, the modern dairy industry is built upon a very old foundation, the cornerstones of which were laid even before dinosaurs ruled the earth in the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.Keywords: evolution, lactation, milk composition, casein, milk fat globule ImplicationsLactation has an evolutionary origin and biological context within which its secretory processes and milk constituents evolved. This revi...

show abstract

“…Carbotype conversion most likely occurs in marine environments; however, the rationale for this remains nebulous. Despite competition studies demonstrating that encapsulated strains of V. vulnificus were better adapted than acapsular strains for survival in oysters and in oyster hemocytes (28,60), there is no indication that the type of capsule produced is important, and although many marine invertebrates are known to produce antibacterial compounds (7,19,26,48,59,62,67,71), it is generally accepted that they possess only an innate immune response (11,33). This, in theory, should not drive the need for carbotype conversion, since this would better benefit bacteria confronting an acquired immune response.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitin-Induced Carbotype Conversion in Vibrio vulnificus

2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

As an etiological agent of bacterial sepsis and wound infections, Vibrio vulnificus is unique among the Vibrionaceae. The most intensely studied of its virulence factors is the capsular polysaccharide (CPS). Over 100 CPS types have been identified, yet little is known about the genetic mechanisms that drive such diversity. Chitin, the second-most-abundant polysaccharide in nature, is known to induce competence in Vibrio species. Here, we show that the frequency of chitin-induced transformation in V. vulnificus varies by strain and that (GlcNAc) 2 is the shortest chitin-derived polymer capable of inducing competence. Transformation frequencies (TFs) increased 8-fold when mixed-culture biofilms were exposed to a strain-specific lytic phage, suggesting that the lysis of dead cells during lytic infection increased the amount of extracellular DNA within the biofilm that was available for transfer. Furthermore, we show that V. vulnificus can undergo chitin-dependent carbotype conversion following the uptake and recombination of complete cps loci from exogenous genomic DNA (gDNA). The acquisition of a partial locus was also demonstrated when internal regions of homology between the endogenous and exogenous loci existed. This suggested that the same mechanism governing the transfer of complete cps loci also contributed to their evolution by generating novel combinations of CPS biosynthesis genes. Since no evidence that cps loci were preferentially acquired during natural transformation (random transposon-tagged DNA was readily taken up in chitin transformation assays) exists, the phenomenon of chitin-induced transformation likely plays an important but general role in the evolution of this genetically promiscuous genus.After 3.8 billion years of evolution (39), bacteria, whether commensal or pathogenic, have evolved numerous ways to cope with the sophisticated defensive strategies of the host's immune system. A simple but very effective strategy is the production and variation of surface polysaccharides that can alter proper host immune function (13,21). This type of antigenic variation is an important mechanism used by pathogenic microorganisms for escaping the neutralizing activities of antibodies and phagocytes. Antigenic variation may occur during the course of an infection, or an organism can exist in nature as multiple antigenic types (antigenic variety). The colonized host often provides the ideal selective environment for the emergence of new antigenic variants of bacteria, providing that the organism's other virulence determinants remain intact.Vibrio vulnificus is an estuarine bacterium that is pathogenic to humans and animals (35). Its continued environmental persistence and transmission is bolstered by its ability to colonize shellfish and form biofilms on various marine biotic surfaces, such as plankton, algae, fish, and eels (4, 40, 42). Primary septicemia and wound infections can arise following the consumption or handling of contaminated food or water, and the fatality rate of septicemic patients is grea...

show abstract

Conventional and Unconventional Antimicrobials from Fish, Marine Invertebrates and Micro-algae

Cited by 220 publications

References 271 publications

Identification, synthesis and characterization of a novel antimicrobial peptide HKPLP derived from Hippocampus kuda Bleeker

Identification, synthesis and characterization of a novel antimicrobial peptide HKPLP derived from Hippocampus kuda Bleeker

The evolution of milk secretion and its ancient origins

Chitin-Induced Carbotype Conversion in Vibrio vulnificus

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About