Convergence Model of Governance: A Case Study of the Local Government System of Pakistan

Shah, Syed Akhter Hussain; Khalid, Mahmood; Shah, Tariq

doi:10.30541/v45i4iipp.855-871

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…1B), detrital mica Ar-Ar ages indicate an MDA of <24 Ma (this study, section 4.3). These MDAs are in agreement with the early Miocene dating of the Murree Formation to the south, based on mammal fossils (Shah, 2009). Further south, in the Kohat and Potwar Plateaus (Fig.…”

Section: Peripheral Foreland Basin 10supporting

confidence: 89%

“…The main repositories of Himalayan detritus are preserved in the orogen's suture zone , peripheral and axial foreland basins onshore (e.g. Hodges 2000, Najman 2006, Shah 2009, and the Indus and Bengal Fans offshore, which are the world's largest sediment fans (Nyberg et al, 2018). Detritus from all these basins has been studied to document hinterland evolution, using a variety of bulk rock and single grain analytical techniques.…”

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confidence: 99%

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When did the Indus River of South-Central Asia take on its “modern” drainage configuration?

Najman,

Zhuang,

Carter

et al. 2023

Geological Society of America Bulletin

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For sedimentary archives to be used as a record of hinterland evolution, the factors affecting the archive must be known. In addition to tectonics, a number of factors, such as changes in climate and paleodrainage, as well as the degree of diagenesis, influence basin sediments. The Indus River delta-fan system of South-Central Asia records a history of Himalayan evolution, and both the onshore and offshore sedimentary repositories have been studied extensively to research orogenesis. However, a number of unknowns remain regarding this system. This paper seeks to elucidate the paleodrainage of the Indus River, in particular when it took on its modern drainage configuration with respect to conjoinment of the main Himalayan (Punjabi) tributary system with the Indus trunk river. We leverage the fact that the Punjabi tributary system has a significantly different provenance signature than the main trunk Indus River, draining mainly the Indian plate. Therefore, after the Punjabi tributary system joined the Indus River, the proportion of Indian plate material in the repositories downstream of the confluence should have been higher than in the upstream repository. We compared bulk Sr-Nd data and detrital zircon U-Pb data from the Cenozoic upstream peripheral foreland basin and downstream Indus delta and Indus Fan repositories. We determined that throughout Neogene times, repositories below the confluence had a higher proportion of material from the Indian plate than those above the confluence. Therefore, we conclude that the Indus River took on its current configuration, with the Punjabi tributary system draining into the Indus trunk river in the Paleogene, early in the history of the orogen. The exact time when the tributary system joined the Indus should correlate with a shift to more Indian plate input in the downstream repositories only. While the upstream repository records no change in Indian plate input from Eocene to Neogene times, a shift to increased material from the Indian plate occurs at the Eocene−Oligocene boundary in the delta, but sometime between 50 Ma and 40 Ma in the fan. Though further work is required to understand the discrepancy between the two downstream repositories, we can conclude that the tributary system joined the Indus trunk river at or before the start of the Oligocene.

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Section: Peripheral Foreland Basin 10supporting

confidence: 89%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

When did the Indus River of South-Central Asia take on its “modern” drainage configuration?

Najman,

Zhuang,

Carter

et al. 2023

Geological Society of America Bulletin

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“…These resources enhance the Patala Formation’s hydrocarbon source rock assessment in the Potwar Basin. The formation is well developed and exposed in the Salt Range, Kala-Chitta Range, Kohat, and Hazara localities. − The Early Paleocene Hangu, Middle Paleocene Lockhart, and Late Paleocene Patala formations are among the shallow marine depositional units . The Patala Formation predominantly comprises gray to greenish-gray color splintery shale units.…”

Section: Geological Settings and Stratigraphymentioning

confidence: 98%

“… 30 − 32 The Early Paleocene Hangu, Middle Paleocene Lockhart, and Late Paleocene Patala formations are among the shallow marine depositional units. 33 The Patala Formation predominantly comprises gray to greenish-gray color splintery shale units. Shales are organically rich and bear glauconite.…”

Section: Geological Settings and Stratigraphymentioning

confidence: 99%

Unconventional Reservoir Characterization of Patala Formation, Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan

Ehsan,

Chen,

Latif

et al. 2024

ACS Omega

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Unconventional hydrocarbon exploration is needed in the current oil and gas crisis scenario. Therefore, the development of conditions for unconventional hydrocarbon exploration is needed. In the Upper Indus Basin (UIB), Pakistan, the Patala Formation is one of the potential candidates for this unconventional exploration. It is a proven source rock at the regional level in the Kohat-Potwar sub-basin of UIB. This study aims to evaluate the shale gas potential of the rock in the Minwal-Joyamair area of the sub-basin. Developing a shale rock physics model is important for exploring and developing shale reservoirs due to the difference between unconventional shale and conventional sand reservoirs. These differences include mineral types, mineral characteristics, matrix pores, and fluid properties. To achieve the study's objectives, an integrated strategy provides for evaluating rock physics parameters, petrophysics, and geochemical analyses. This integrated approach indicates that the Patala Formation is a good potential reservoir for shale gas exploration. The Formation has a significant thickness (around 40−50 m), higher total organic carbon content (02−10%), higher brittleness index (0.44−0.56), and relatively shallow depth (2136−3223 m). These research findings suggested that the presence of organic and quartz-rich lithofacies can be considered as highly favorable "sweet spots" for shale-gas exploration in the UIB, Pakistan. Through proper understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of these "sweet spots", shale-gas exploration can be developed as an effective strategy to exploit shale gas.

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“…They became more dependent upon the provincial transfers. Provincial governments exercised their leverage to influence district governments by negotiating funds, which programs to initiate first, delaying funds transfers, arbitrary deductions (Shah et al, 2006). Developmental priorities of the districts were changed through vertical development programs included in ADP.…”

Section: Structural Financial Imbalancementioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Derailing Factors of Local Governments in Pakistan: Structural Issues in Musharraf’s Devolution of Power Plan

Zaidi¹

2022

plhr

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For more than seven decades Pakistan is struggling for a viable local government system. Even one of the most empowered local government system introduced by military dictator Pervez Musharraf was uprooted by civilian government. This research attempts to explore the structural issues in the local government system introduced by Musharraf regime in order to find reasons of its derailment. Comprehensive literature review has been conducted to search for the common theme reported by the researchers so far. The study found that indirect and non-party based elections of Nazim, structural financial imbalance, tussle among provincial and district governments, unreal and idealistic objectives, abolition of commissioner office, nonestablishment of district cadre, gender discrimination, and flawed organizational structure of devolved departments were substantial structural issues in Musharraf's local government system. Moreover, the two main pillars of the political system i.e. bureaucrats and politicians considered empowered local bodies as their rivals. Thus they left no stone unturned to cause hurdles in smooth working of distric government. To alleviate political rivalry among politicians, it is recommended to systematically involve MNAs and MPAs in the development work with the District Nazims. On the other hand, establishment of district cadre is required to end the struggle between provincial bureaucrats and the district government

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Convergence Model of Governance: A Case Study of the Local Government System of Pakistan

Cited by 3 publications

References 1 publication

When did the Indus River of South-Central Asia take on its “modern” drainage configuration?

When did the Indus River of South-Central Asia take on its “modern” drainage configuration?

Unconventional Reservoir Characterization of Patala Formation, Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan

Exploring the Derailing Factors of Local Governments in Pakistan: Structural Issues in Musharraf’s Devolution of Power Plan

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