Conversion of a polarization microscope into a Mueller matrix microscope. Application to the measurement of textile fibers

Kuntman, Ertan; Arteaga, Oriol; Roca, Joan Antó; Marín, Diana Cayuela; Bertran, Enric

doi:10.7149/opa.48.4.309

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…39–41 Measurements were performed at different wavelengths with light normally incident on the substrate. We observed negligible depolarization, thus permitting a reduction of M to a matrix L having the form in eq 1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dichroism in Helicoidal Crystals

et al. 2016

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Accounting for the interactions of light with heterogeneous, anisotropic, absorbing, optically active media is part of the characterization of complex, transparent materials. Stained biological structures in thin tissue sections share many of these features, but systematic optical analyses beyond the employ of the simple petrographic microscopes have not be established. Here, this accounting is made for polycrystalline, spherulitic bundles of twisted D-mannitol lamellae grown from melts containing light-absorbing molecules. It has long been known that a significant percentage of molecular crystals readily grow as helicoidal ribbons with mesoscale pitches, but a general appreciation of the commonality of these non-classical crystal forms has been lost. Helicoidal crystal twisting was typically assayed by analyzing refractivity modulation in the petrographic microscope. However, by growing twisted crystals from melts in the presence of dissolved, light-absorbing molecules, crystal twisting can be assayed by analyzing the dichroism, both linear and circular. The term “helicoidal dichroism” is used here to describe the optical consequences of anisotropic absorbers precessing around radii of twisted crystalline fibrils or lamellae. D-Mannitol twists in two polymorphic forms, α and δ. The two polymorphs, when grown from supercooled melts in the presence of a variety of histochemical stains and textile dyes, are strongly dichroic in linearly polarized white light. The bis-azo dye Chicago sky blue is modeled because it is most absorbing when parallel and perpendicular to the radial axes in the respective spherulitic polymorphs. Optical properties were measured using Mueller matrix imaging polarimetry and simulated by taking into account the microstructure of the lamellae. The optical analysis of the dyed, patterned polycrystals clarifies aspects of the mesostructure that can be difficult to extract from bundles of tightly packed fibrils.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All 16 elements of M were measured simultaneously using home-built polarimeters described previously. − Measurements were performed at different wavelengths with light normally incident on the substrate. We observed negligible depolarization, thus permitting a reduction of M to a matrix L having the form in eq .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dichroism in Helicoidal Crystals

et al. 2016

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“…Space‐resolved Mueller‐matrix measurements based on the transmission of light through the spherulites were done with a custom‐made Mueller‐matrix microscope that has been described in detail elsewhere . The basic optical design of the instrument is based on a commercial Carl‐Zeiss JENAVAL polarization microscope and it allows for measurements at different levels of magnification and wavelength.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlled Pinning of Conjugated Polymer Spherulites and Its Application in Detectors

Dörling

Sánchez-Díaz

Arteaga

et al. 2017

Advanced Optical Materials

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is of great interest because of their impact on mechanical, and functional properties, including thermal conductivity, [1] charge carrier mobility, [2][3][4][5][6][7] and electrical conductivity. [8,9] In addition, for suitable macroscopic polymer chain arrangements, polarized absorption and emission can be observed. [10] As a consequence, a variety of methods have been developed to manipulate and control the microstructure and the orientation of conjugated polymers. [11] Some of these methods result in spherulites, densely branched, polycrystalline regions of material with spherically, or in 2 dimensions circularly, radiating fibers. [12,13] Because of their circular shape, which contains all possible fiber orientations in the plane, spherulites are an attractive system to probe orientation-dependent electrical and optical properties. Conventional deposition techniques such as spin-and blade-coating usually result in isotropic layers with a random orientation of the crystalline lamellae down to the microscopic scale. This is caused by the immense density of nucleation sites and the resulting uncontrolled growth. Several methods to control the nucleation density have been demonstrated. For example, a careful control of the solvent partial pressure during swelling of an already deposited layer allows redissolving all but a few crystallites, which can then be regrown under controlled conditions to microscopic spherulites. [3,14] Another method, which is experimentally simpler to realize, uses the epitaxial growth of conjugated polymers or small molecules on crystalline 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene (TCB) from the melt, [15] or directly from solution, [16] resulting in larger macroscopic spherulitic structures. In the former, molten TCB acts as solvent for the conjugated system and upon reducing the temperature below the melting point, TCB solidifies, enforcing the epitaxial crystallization of the conjugated system. For the solution process, on the other hand, a given amount of TCB is mixed together with the conjugated component into a carrier solvent such as chlorobenzene (CB). During deposition at room temperature, the wet film dries, increasing the concentration of the solid content in the solution until the solubility limit is reached and the solutes start solidifying. In order to create oriented structures, TCB should crystallize before the polymer or small molecule, which defines a minimum TCB to polymer content (around 4% in volume for a 20 g L −1 P3HT solution in CB). [16] The growth direction of spherulites can be controlled to some extent by patterning the substrate, [17] or by enforcing aThe nucleation of single macroscopic spherulites at desired positions, as well as ordered arrays of multiple spherulites, is demonstrated by combining the use of crystallizable solvents with local control of solvent evaporation during solution deposition. Moreover, the temperature assisted localized frustration of molecular orientation is shown, enabling the fabrication of samples containing both isotropic areas and spherulites....

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“…Polarimetric measurements that were shown in this work were made with two different home-made Mueller matrix polarimeters. The first one is a Mueller matrix microscope that uses to different rotating compensators in combination with a camera to do Mueller matrix imaging with micrometric resolution [24,25]. This instrument can work in two different modes: in the standard (or orthoscopic mode) the front focal plane of the objective is focused onto the camera sensor and different points on the camera sensor correspond to different points on the sample.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geometrical Phase Optical Components: Measuring Geometric Phase without Interferometry

Arteaga

Bendada

2020

Crystals

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Optical components that are based on Pancharatnam–Berry phase feature a polarization-dependent diffraction that can be used to fabricate lenses and gratings with unique properties. In recent years, the great progress made in the fabrication of the metasurfaces that are required for these optical components has lowered their cost and has made them widely available. One of the often-overlooked properties of optical components based on geometrical phases (GPs) is that, contrary to dynamical phases, their phase can be measured while using a polarimetric technique without the need to resort to interferometry methods. This is possible because the Pancharatnam–Berry phase is not controlled by an optical path difference; it results from a space variant polarization manipulation. In this work, we apply Mueller matrix microscopy in order to measure the geometrical phase of GP lenses and polarization gratings. We show that a single space resolved Mueller matrix measurement with micrometric resolution is enough to obtain a full characterization phase-profile of these GP-based optical components and evaluate their performance.

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Conversion of a polarization microscope into a Mueller matrix microscope. Application to the measurement of textile fibers

Cited by 7 publications

References 11 publications

Dichroism in Helicoidal Crystals

Dichroism in Helicoidal Crystals

Controlled Pinning of Conjugated Polymer Spherulites and Its Application in Detectors

Geometrical Phase Optical Components: Measuring Geometric Phase without Interferometry

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