Cooling performance and optimization of a tubular indirect evaporative cooler based on response surface methodology

Sun, Tao; Tang, Tingzheng; Yang, Chuanjun; Yan, Weichao; Cui, Xin; Chu, Junjie

doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.112880

Cited by 21 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Furthermore, iron ore tailings have found applications in various building materials, including cement mortar [2], autoclaved aerated concrete [18], and ceramic tiles [19], showcasing their potential to reduce solid waste accumulation and natural aggregate extraction for material conservation and carbon reduction goals. Nonetheless, higher substitution ratios of iron ore tailings aggregates in concrete production may compromise other properties of the resultant concrete [20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Properties and Sulfate Freeze–Thaw Resistance of Calcium Carbonate Whisker-Reinforced Iron Ore Tailings Concrete

Wang,

Gao,

Liu

2024

Buildings

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Iron ore tailings from iron ore mines pose environmental challenges. However, their reuse could provide significant environmental benefits. This study focused on producing clean concrete using iron ore tailings as crushed stone aggregate (IOTA) and calcium carbonate whiskers (CWs) as reinforcement. Five mixture groups were prepared: normal concrete (NAC) with natural crushed stone aggregate (NA), iron ore tailings concrete (TAC) with IOTA, and CW (10%, 20%, and 30%)-reinforced TAC (TAC-CW). Mechanical properties like the compressive strength (fcu) and splitting tensile strength (fst), as well as sulfate freeze–thaw (F-T) cycle resistance, were thoroughly investigated. Additionally, pore structure and microstructure were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The results showed that IOTA’s complete replacement of NA decreased concrete mechanical properties and frost resistance, but incorporating CWs effectively compensated for these losses. Specifically, the fcu and fst of TAC-CW20 with 20% CWs increased by 23.26% and 49.6% compared to TAC and were higher than those of NAC. With increasing F-T cycles, concrete internal pore structure significantly deteriorated, and corrosive products increased significantly, which was further confirmed by SEM. TAC-CW20 significantly optimized pore structure. Overall, the successful application of iron ore tailings as eco-friendly materials enhanced concrete performance and reduced the environmental impact of construction activities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Properties and Sulfate Freeze–Thaw Resistance of Calcium Carbonate Whisker-Reinforced Iron Ore Tailings Concrete

Wang,

Gao,

Liu

2024

Buildings

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“…The depiction in Figure 1 illustrates the setup of ICESs. The metal panel situated amid the product and working air generally functions as a device that facilitates the exchange of heat between the two air streams, available in plate The metal panel situated amid the product and working air generally functions as a device that facilitates the exchange of heat between the two air streams, available in plate form [18,19], tube form [18,20] and heat pipe form [18,21]. ICESs possess the utility of cooling the product air without altering its specific humidity [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contemporary Evaporative Cooling System with Indirect Interaction in Construction Implementations: A Theoretical Exploration

Cuce,

Riffat

2024

Buildings

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The construction sector, including in developed countries, plays a notable part in the overall energy consumption worldwide, being responsible for 40% of it. In addition to this, heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems constitute the largest share in this sector, accounting for 40% of energy usage in construction and 16% globally. To address this, stringent rules and performance measures are essential to reduce energy consumption. This study focuses on mathematical optimisation modelling to enhance the performance of indirect-contact evaporative cooling systems (ICESs), a topic with a significant gap in the literature. This modelling is highly comprehensive, covering various aspects: (1) analysing the impact of the water-spraying unit (WSU) size, working air (WA) velocity and hydraulic diameter (Dh) on the evaporated water vapour (EWV) amount; (2) evaluating temperature and humidity distribution for a range of temperatures without considering humidity at the outlet of the WSU, (3) presenting theoretical calculations of outdoor temperature (Tout) and humidity with a constant WSU size and air mass flow rate (MFR), (4) examining the combined effect of the WA MFR and relative humidity (ϕ) on Tout and (5) investigating how Tout influences the indoor environment’s humidity. The study incorporates an extensive optimisation analysis. The findings indicate that the model could contribute to the development of future low-carbon houses, considering factors such as the impact of Tout on indoor ϕ, the importance of low air velocity for achieving a low air temperature, the positive effects of Dh on outdoor air and the necessity of a WSU with a size of at least 8 m for adiabatic saturation.

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“…In-depth multi-objective optimization are crucial due to the intricate interplay of factors influencing IEC capability and the diverse performance indices involved. Previous efforts have used statistical tools, such as response surface method (RSM), to establish regression models for IEC performance prediction and optimization [10][11][12]. However, most of these studies focused on residential building applications and did not address the specific needs and conditions of data centers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing a dew point evaporative cooler in data center applications

Yan,

Yang,

Liu

et al. 2024

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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The escalating energy consumption of data centers has led to a pressing need for energy-efficient cooling solutions. This paper presents a countercurrent dew point evaporative cooler (DPEC) for data center refrigeration. We developed and experimentally validated a numerical model for DPEC, then formulated regression models using the response surface method. These models link eight key design factors, including geometrical and operational factors, to three performance indices: cooling capacity per unit volume, coefficient of performance, and outlet primary air temperature. We assessed the extent of factor influence on these indices. By using these regression models as objective functions, we used the genetic algorithm for design optimization under two climatic conditions, resulting in various optimal parameter combinations. Our findings highlight the strong predictive accuracy of these models. In comparison to the original design, the optimal design achieved an improvement of 104.8%, an increase of 23.9%, and a reduction of 13.8% in the three indices.

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Cooling performance and optimization of a tubular indirect evaporative cooler based on response surface methodology

Cited by 21 publications

References 21 publications

Mechanical Properties and Sulfate Freeze–Thaw Resistance of Calcium Carbonate Whisker-Reinforced Iron Ore Tailings Concrete

Mechanical Properties and Sulfate Freeze–Thaw Resistance of Calcium Carbonate Whisker-Reinforced Iron Ore Tailings Concrete

Contemporary Evaporative Cooling System with Indirect Interaction in Construction Implementations: A Theoretical Exploration

Optimizing a dew point evaporative cooler in data center applications

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