“…On one end of the spectrum, there are decentralized DER management solutions aiming to provide basic, but highly important features such as aggregation of behind‐the‐meter DERs, and participation of DERs and prosumers in DR and energy efficiency (EE) programs. These solutions can (and mostly are) indirectly used by DSOs, but are designed for direct utilization by independent aggregators, market operators, and other third party participants (Kerscher & Arboleya, 2022; Mousavi & Meng, 2021; Yi et al, 2021). On the other end, there are fully centralized solutions, aimed for direct utilization by DSOs, to aid them in overcoming challenges imposed by DERs onto distribution grids and their assets.…”