Copper resistance genes from different xanthomonads and citrus epiphytic bacteria confer resistance to Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri

Antibacterial Activity of Alkyl Gallates against Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri

“…The toxic effect of copper against X. citri subsp. citri takes place only at the plant surface, without any internal and/or systemic action (46). As a consequence, infected tissues may act as a source of bacterial inoculum, even though plants receive frequent sprays of copper formulations (44,46).…”

“…citri takes place only at the plant surface, without any internal and/or systemic action (46). As a consequence, infected tissues may act as a source of bacterial inoculum, even though plants receive frequent sprays of copper formulations (44,46). Although useful and frequently applied in agriculture, copper accumulates in the environment and may lead to the development of copper-resistant bacterial populations (46,47).…”

Comparison of Resistance to Asiatic Citrus Canker Among Different Genotypes of Citrus in a Long-Term Canker-Resistance Field Screening Experiment in Brazil

“…Using insecticidal sprays to reduce CLM populations is also important in areas where the insect occurs and ACC is a problem (14,29). Although copper bactericidal sprays reduce the disease, the pathogen has shown an ability to develop resistance to copper, which could become a major problem if this were to become widespread (4). Although some promising developments appeared with SAR inducers, they might be restricted for use on young trees (25,26).…”

Induced resistance in citrus by hexanoic acid

“…Nevertheless, copper reduces bacterial populations on the leaf surface, but correct control demands multiple applications, which not only increase management costs, but also raise the environmental contamination issue . Disadvantages of long-term use of copper bactericides include induced copper resistance in xanthomonad populations (Behlau et al, 2012). Therefore, other preventive measures to be used as an effective supplementation for copper-based disease control are required.…”

“…Copper reduces bacterial populations on leaf surface, but multiple applications are needed to protect fruit of susceptible citrus varieties. Disadvantages of long term use of copper bactericides include induced copper resistance in xanthomonad populations (Behlau et al, 2012) and accumulation in soils with potential phytotoxic and adverse environmental effects. The protective activity of copper is diminished by wind-blown rain that introduces bacteria directly into stomata (Behlau et al, 2008).…”