“…At the scale of a volcano or volcanic chain, subsidence can be influenced by various factors such as cooling of the lithosphere, deflation of a magma reservoir, and flexure of the lithosphere linked to volcanic loads (Gargani, 2022; Huppert, Royden, and Perron, 2015). The average rate of subsidence of volcanic islands is 0.01 to 0.1 mm yr –1 (Kench, 2015).…”