Core Temperature Measurement—Principles of Correct Measurement, Problems, and Complications

Hymczak, Hubert; Gołąb, Aleksandra; Mendrala, Konrad; Plicner, Dariusz; Darocha, Tomasz; Podsiadło, Paweł; Hudziak, Damian; Gocoł, Radosław; Kosiński, Sylweriusz

doi:10.3390/ijerph182010606

Cited by 72 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Therefore, in 8 patients, we could not start measuring the esophageal temperature at a depth of NEX + 12 cm, which was longer than 80 cm. And the location of the GDT thermistor was (35.75 ± 5.85 cm) shorter than the conventional location of previous studies (40–45 cm from the nose) or calculated results of 36.45 ± 1.59 cm, which was based on the data of the current study [ 3 , 18 , 29 , 30 ]. Therefore, it is considered that the manufacturer needs to modify the GDT to be longer and adjust the location of the thermistor to be deeper.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

“…Likewise, several methods estimate the appropriate depth for the esophageal temperature measurement [ 18 , 29 ]. The appropriate position for the esophageal temperature probe is at the level of the heart to reveal the temperature of the myocardium, which is between T8 and T9 levels or under the tracheal bifurcation [ 29 ]. The previous studies estimated it to be approximately 40–45 cm from the nose [ 3 , 18 , 29 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The appropriate position for the esophageal temperature probe is at the level of the heart to reveal the temperature of the myocardium, which is between T8 and T9 levels or under the tracheal bifurcation [ 29 ]. The previous studies estimated it to be approximately 40–45 cm from the nose [ 3 , 18 , 29 ]. Another study evaluated the distance from the nasal flare to the point between T8 and T9 as 0.228 × standing height − 0.194 [ 30 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Optimal Insertion Depth of Gastric Decompression Tube with a Thermistor for Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Surgery in Trendelenburg Position

Jong

Lim

Jung

2022

IJERPH

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Monitoring core temperature is crucial for maintaining normothermia during general anesthesia. Insertion of a gastric decompression tube (GDT) may be required during laparoscopic surgery. Recently, a newly designed GDT with a thermistor for monitoring esophageal temperature has been introduced. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the optimal insertion depth of a GDT with a thermistor. Forty-eight patients undergoing elective laparoscopic surgery in the Trendelenburg position were included in the study. The GDT was inserted to a depth of nose–earlobe–xiphoid distance (NEX) + 12 cm and withdrawn sequentially, 2 cm at a time, at 5-min intervals. Temperatures of the GDT thermistor were compared with the core temperature of the tympanic membrane (TM) using Bland and Altman analysis. The correlation between optimal insertion depth of the GDT and anatomical distance (cricoid cartilage to the carina, CCD; carina to the left hemidiaphragm, CLHD) was evaluated, and a mathematical model to predict the optimal insertion depth of the GDT with a thermistor was calculated. Temperatures of TM and GDT thermistor at NEX + 4 cm showed good agreement and strong correlation, but better agreement and stronger correlation were seen at the actual location with the most minor temperature differences. The optimal insertion depth of the GDT was estimated as −15.524 + 0.414 × CCD − 0.145 × CLHD and showed a strong correlation with the actual GDT insertion depth (correlation coefficient 0.797, adjusted R2 = 0.636). The mathematical formula using CCD and CLHD would be helpful in determining the optimal insertion depth of a GDT with a thermistor.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Optimal Insertion Depth of Gastric Decompression Tube with a Thermistor for Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Surgery in Trendelenburg Position

Jong

Lim

Jung

2022

IJERPH

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“…It is influenced by various effects (e.g., age, sex, health conditions, etc. ), however, the usually reported range is 36–36.9 °C (there are some differences based on a source, e.g., [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]). An increased temperature is considered 37–38 °C and a fever is more than 38 °C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical Study on Human Temperature Measurement by Infrared Thermography

Švantner

Lang

Skála

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Increased temperature in humans is the symptom of many infectious diseases and it is thus an important diagnostic tool. Infrared temperature measurement methods have been developed and applied over long periods due to their advantage of non-contact and fast measurements. This study deals with a statistical evaluation of the possibilities and limitations of infrared/thermographic human temperature measurement. A short review of the use of infrared temperature measurement in medical applications is provided. Experiments and statistics-based evaluation to confirm the expected accuracy and limits of thermography-based human temperature measurement are introduced. The results presented in this study show that the standard deviation of the thermographic measurement of the eyes maximum temperature was 0.4–0.9 °C and the mean values differences from the armpit measurement were up to 0.5 °C, based on the used IR camera, even though near ideal measurement conditions and permanent blackbody correction were used. It was also shown that a certain number of outliers must be assumed in such measurements. Extended analyses including simulations of true negative/false positive, sensitivity/specificity and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves are presented. The statistical evaluation as well as the extended analyses show that maximum eyes temperature is more relevant than a forehead temperature examination.

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“…Currently, the armpit, oral cavity, tympanic cavity, rectum, forehead, temporal area, bladder, esophagus, etc. are frequently the locations for measuring body temperature [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. In everyday body temperature detection or clinical applications, mercury thermometers are typically employed to capture the axillary or oral temperature as the human body’s normal temperature, while there are relatively few temperature observations in the bladder and esophagus [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Study of Forehead Temperature and Core Body Temperature under Varying Ambient Temperature Conditions

Chen

Zhu

Lin

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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When the ambient temperature, in which a person is situated, fluctuates, the body’s surface temperature will alter proportionally. However, the body’s core temperature will remain relatively steady. Consequently, using body surface temperature to characterize the core body temperature of the human body in varied situations is still highly inaccurate. This research aims to investigate and establish the link between human body surface temperature and core body temperature in a variety of ambient conditions, as well as the associated conversion curves. Methods: Plan an experiment to measure temperature over a thousand times in order to get the corresponding data for human forehead, axillary, and oral temperatures at varying ambient temperatures (14–32 °C). Utilize the axillary and oral temperatures as the core body temperature standards or the control group to investigate the new approach’s accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for detecting fever/non-fever conditions and the forehead temperature as the experimental group. Analyze the statistical connection, data correlation, and agreement between the forehead temperature and the core body temperature. Results: A total of 1080 tests measuring body temperature were conducted on healthy adults. The average axillary temperature was (36.7 ± 0.41) °C, the average oral temperature was (36.7 ± 0.33) °C, and the average forehead temperature was (36.2 ± 0.30) °C as a result of the shift in ambient temperature. The forehead temperature was 0.5 °C lower than the average of the axillary and oral temperatures. The Pearson correlation coefficient between axillary and oral temperatures was 0.41 (95% CI, 0.28–0.52), between axillary and forehead temperatures was 0.07 (95% CI, −0.07–0.22), and between oral and forehead temperatures was 0.26 (95% CI, 0.11–0.39). The mean differences between the axillary temperature and the oral temperature, the oral temperature and the forehead temperature, and the axillary temperature and the forehead temperature were −0.08 °C, 0.49 °C, and 0.42 °C, respectively, according to a Bland-Altman analysis. Finally, the regression analysis revealed that there was a linear association between the axillary temperature and the forehead temperature, as well as the oral temperature and the forehead temperature due to the change in ambient temperature. Conclusion: The changes in ambient temperature have a substantial impact on the temperature of the forehead. There are significant differences between the forehead and axillary temperatures, as well as the forehead and oral temperatures, when the ambient temperature is low. As the ambient temperature rises, the forehead temperature tends to progressively converge with the axillary and oral temperatures. In clinical or daily applications, it is not advised to utilize the forehead temperature derived from an uncorrected infrared thermometer as the foundation for a body temperature screening in public venues such as hospital outpatient clinics, shopping malls, airports, and train stations.

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Core Temperature Measurement—Principles of Correct Measurement, Problems, and Complications

Cited by 72 publications

References 24 publications

Optimal Insertion Depth of Gastric Decompression Tube with a Thermistor for Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Surgery in Trendelenburg Position

Optimal Insertion Depth of Gastric Decompression Tube with a Thermistor for Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Surgery in Trendelenburg Position

Statistical Study on Human Temperature Measurement by Infrared Thermography

A Comparative Study of Forehead Temperature and Core Body Temperature under Varying Ambient Temperature Conditions

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