Coronary heart disease in seven countries

Keys, Ancel

doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(96)00410-8

Cited by 500 publications

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“…Finnish men led the global records in coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality in the late 1960s (Keys, 1970;Thom et al, 1992). Since then, major efforts have been put into disease prevention and health promotion in Finland and remarkable changes both in CVD mortality and associated risk factors have been observed (Vartiainen et al, 1994(Vartiainen et al, , 2000.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium in the Finnish diet: 20-year trends in urinary sodium excretion among the adult population

Laatikainen¹,

Pietinen²,

Valsta³

et al. 2006

Eur J Clin Nutr

178

127

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Objective: High sodium intake increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and may also be associated with higher rates of stomach cancer, asthma disorders and infections. In Finland, cross-sectional population surveys to monitor cardiovascular risk factors have been carried out since the 1970s. The main aim of this paper is to present trends in urinary sodium and potassium excretion from 1979 to 2002. Design: Cross-sectional population surveys on cardiovascular risk factors. Setting: Surveys were carried out in Finland in 1979Finland in , 1982Finland in , 1987Finland in and 2002 in four geographical areas: North Karelia, the Kuopio area, Southwestern Finland and the Helsinki area. Subjects: For each survey a random sample stratified by age and sex was drawn from the population register. In this analysis, participants of urine collection subsamples aged 25-64 years (n ¼ 4648) were included. Interventions: A 24-h urinary collection was carried out in subsamples (n ¼ 2218-2487) in connection with population risk factor surveys. Urinary sodium and potassium concentrations were analyzed in the same laboratory throughout, using a flame photometer in 1979, 1982 and 1987 and an ion-selective electrode in 2002. Results: Between 1979 and 2002 urinary sodium excretion in Finland decreased from over 220 to less than 170 mmol/day among men and from nearly 180 to less than 130 mmol/day among women. Although potassium excretion decreased somewhat as well, the decrease in sodium-potassium molar ratio was also significant. Conclusions: The 24-h urinary sodium excretion in Finland has decreased significantly during the last 20 years. However, excretion levels are still considerably higher than recommendations. A further decrease in sodium intake remains a goal for the Finnish food industry and consumers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium in the Finnish diet: 20-year trends in urinary sodium excretion among the adult population

Laatikainen¹,

Pietinen²,

Valsta³

et al. 2006

Eur J Clin Nutr

178

127

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“…Japanese and Cretans had the lowest saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake -between 3% (Japan) and 8% (Crete) total energy -and had the lowest IHD mortality rates (Keys, 1970); Finland had the highest SFA intake, 20%, as well as the highest IHD mortality (Roine et al, 1964). On the other hand, the variation in total fat intake ranged from the lowest value of 9% total dietary energy in Japan to perhaps 40% in Crete.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The high-fat Greek diet: a recipe for all?

2002

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Objective: To examine critically the published results of dietary surveys on the fat content of the Greek diet, and to assess its evolution and its relationship to the health of the Greeks. To consider the implications of these findings for current views on the nature and health implications of the traditional Mediterranean diet and how best to define it for use in modern policy making. Design: A systematic review of the literature on food consumption in Greece. Setting: Greece. Results: The first fully published data on the fat content of the Greek diet -the Seven Countries Survey -relates only to a small number of adult males in Crete and Corfu; the legitimacy of extrapolating these results to the rest of Greece is questioned. Earlier studies and chemical validation of intakes point to a lower fat content of the traditional diet than that inferred for Crete. Nearly all later surveys relate only to urban groups in Athens (mostly case -control hospital-based samples) and a variety of nonrepresentative Cretan groups. Only two studies are larger and more representative, but one uses FAO food balance-sheets to reflect the national diet, and the other surveyed school-age children in three out of the 52 Greek counties. Unfortunately recent dietary studies have proved unreliable, given the continuing lack of national food composition tables with survey methods which proved inaccurate for dietary fat content. A progressive upward trend in total and saturated fat intake appears to have occurred with all health indicators in relation to fat indicating remarkable increases in adult and childhood obesity with attendant progressive deterioration in cardiovascular mortality and its risk factors, ie hypertension and diabetes. These data emphasise the need to alter current nutritional advice in Greece, particularly when it focuses on the promotion of olive oil and a high-fat diet. Conclusions: The findings reaffirm low -moderate fat policies for optimum health, within which olive oil can be an important component of the diet.

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“…There have been suggestions that cardiovascular diseases may be related to a high fat intake (Keys, 1970;WHO, 1990). Approximately, 37% of the total energy intakes of the Italians is derived from fat (FAO, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of attitudes, intentions and habit in predicting actual consumption of fat containing foods in Italy

2000

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Objective: To explore which were the most important predictors of the actual consumption of foods containing fat and to test if there were different pro®les of beliefs and attitudes. Design: A total of 1200 households participated in a food consumption survey for 7 days. A questionnaire, containing questions on belief, attitude and intention items based on Ajzen and Fishbein's model, was completed on the ®rst day of the survey. Setting: The study was conducted at the beginning of 1994 in Italy. Subjects: In all, 860 subjects, randomly selected for each household participating in the food consumption survey, were included in this study. Results: A cluster analysis based on average daily intake per capita of nine types of food containing fats was carried out on 860 subjects. The three clusters represented people with different criteria of preference for milk. The relationship between the variables was tested using the forward selection method in multiple regression. The attitude entered sequentially into the model assessing the intention of consuming, after the habit component. Habit was found to be the most the most important predictor of the actual consumption of each type of food. The intention entered into the equation as predictor of the consumption only for butter and olive oil. Habit has been found more important than intention in in¯uencing the consumption of all types of food, whereas the intention did not enter into the model as determinant of the consumption with exception of butter and olive oil in which it remains as a signi®cant predictor. Conclusions:The results of the cluster analysis suggested that subjects of cluster 1 might be more concerned about fat intake. The ®ndings of the regressions showed that the subjective measure of habit entered in the model as the most important predictor of the actual consumption of each type of food. The low prediction of the actual consumption indicated that there could be other important variables in¯uencing the consumption not included in this study.

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Coronary heart disease in seven countries

Cited by 500 publications

References 0 publications

Sodium in the Finnish diet: 20-year trends in urinary sodium excretion among the adult population

Sodium in the Finnish diet: 20-year trends in urinary sodium excretion among the adult population

The high-fat Greek diet: a recipe for all?

The role of attitudes, intentions and habit in predicting actual consumption of fat containing foods in Italy

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