“…Various factors affecting PC cells include androgen deprivation, radiation, and chemotherapy (Haberkorn et al, 2016;Teo et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2021). In addition, tumor microenvironmental cells (TME) including mast cells, tumorassociated fibroblasts (CAFs), macrophages, and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) have been shown to promote NED (Chan et al, 2017;Raphael et al, 2017;Ramnarine et al, 2018;Rooper et al, 2018;Su et al, 2018;Zhang et al, 2018).…”