“…Per-and poly uoroalkyl substances (PFASs), often termed "forever chemicals," have been recognized as environmental contaminants across various regions due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential adverse impacts on human health and the environment [1,2]. Mass production of PFAS began in the 1950s by US chemical companies, and the use of these substances has grown since the 1970s across diverse applications, including re ghting foams, water-repellent fabrics, fast-food containers, photolithography materials, and ame retardants [3][4][5].…”